ArticleJournal of medical Internet research2019
Trust Me, I'm a Chatbot: How Artificial Intelligence in Health Care Fails the Turing Test.
Article in Journal of medical Internet research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- 2021 ISHNE/ HRS/ EHRA/ APHRS collaborative statement on mHealth in Arrhythmia Management: Digital Medical Tools for Heart Rhythm Professionals: From the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology/Heart Rhythm Society/European Heart Rhythm Association/Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society.Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc · 2021Guideline
- Large language models for post-discharge follow-up in erectile dysfunction care: a narrative review.Translational andrology and urology · 2026Review
- Evaluation Large Language Models' Time Dependent Consistency in Aesthetic Surgery Consultations and Comparison of Their Performance Across Different Clinical Domains.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Article
- Evaluating the quality and empathy of responses to patient questions on the Korean Academy of Periodontology's online question and answer section: a cross-sectional study comparing periodontists and an AI-powered chatbot.Journal of periodontal & implant science · 2025Article
- Article
- Finding Consensus on Trust in AI in Health Care: Recommendations From a Panel of International Experts.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Review
- ChatGPT and trustworthiness of artificial intelligence in medical education.Journal of education and health promotion · 2025Article
- A critical look into artificial intelligence and healthcare disparities.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2025Article
- A New Research Model for Artificial Intelligence-Based Well-Being Chatbot Engagement: Survey Study.JMIR human factors · 2024Article
- ChatGPT-3.5 System Usability Scale early assessment among Healthcare Workers: Horizons of adoption in medical practice.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Delayed diagnosis of a transient ischemic attack caused by ChatGPT.Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2024Article
- ChatGPT's Response Consistency: A Study on Repeated Queries of Medical Examination Questions.European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education · 2024Article
- Do patients prefer a human doctor, artificial intelligence, or a blend, and is this preference dependent on medical discipline? Empirical evidence and implications for medical practice.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Evaluating the Utility of a Large Language Model in Answering Common Patients' Gastrointestinal Health-Related Questions: Are We There Yet?Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Positive Design Framework for Carer eSupport: Qualitative Study to Support Informal Caregivers of Patients With Head and Neck Cancer in Sweden.JMIR cancer · 2023Article
- Human vs. machine-like representation in chatbot mental health counseling: the serial mediation of psychological distance and trust on compliance intention.Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.) · 2023Article
- Expectations and attitudes towards medical artificial intelligence: A qualitative study in the field of stroke.PloS one · 2023Article
- A review of the explainability and safety of conversational agents for mental health to identify avenues for improvement.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2023Review
- The Feasibility and Acceptability of an mHealth Conversational Agent Designed to Support HIV Self-testing in South Africa: Cross-sectional Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Over the next decade, one issue which will dominate sociotechnical studies in health informatics is the extent to which the promise of artificial intelligence in health care will be realized, along with the social and ethical issues which accompany it. A useful thought experiment is the application of the Turing test to user-facing artificial intelligence systems in health care (such as chatbots or conversational agents). In this paper I argue that many medical decisions require value judgements and the doctor-patient relationship requires empathy and understanding to arrive at a shared decision, often handling large areas of uncertainty and balancing competing risks. Arguably, medicine requires wisdom more than intelligence, artificial or otherwise. Artificial intelligence therefore needs to supplement rather than replace medical professionals, and identifying the complementary positioning of artificial intelligence in medical consultation is a key challenge for the future. In health care, artificial intelligence needs to pass the implementation game, not the imitation game.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.