ReviewStatistics in medicine2020
A review of the use of time-varying covariates in the Fine-Gray subdistribution hazard competing risk regression model.
Review in Statistics in medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed.
- Predicting the risk of mortality during hospitalization in sick severely malnourished children using daily evaluation of key clinical warning signs.BMC medicine · 2021Trial
- Assessment of the effectiveness of protein in critical illness: the role of statistical shortcomings in explaining discrepancies between observational studies and randomized controlled trials.Critical care (London, England) · 2026Review
- Up to Four-Year Outcomes of Single-Fraction Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Small Brain Metastases: A Competing-Risk Analysis.Cancer medicine · 2026Article
- Association between depression and all-cause, cardiovascular, and non-cardiovascular mortality in the Spanish population: a prospective cohort study.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Article
- The Burden of Cardiovascular Disease in Lymphoma Survivors: A Population-Based Matched Cohort Study.JACC. Advances · 2026Article
- The kidney failure risk equation in people with CKD and multimorbidity: the effect of competing mortality risks.Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association · 2026Observational
- Psychosocial adversity captured by ICD-10 Z-codes and mortality risk: evidence from the UK Biobank.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Systemic steroid treatment of grade I acute GVHD increases steroid-refractory GVHD and NRM.Blood immunology & cellular therapy · 2026Article
- Response to the Letter to the Editor Entitled "Beyond Access: How Homelessness Shapes Kidney Trajectories in Diabetes".Kidney international reports · 2026Article
- An evaluation of variable selection methods in competing risks with one rare event: a simulation study.BMC medical research methodology · 2026Article
- Predicting Recurrence and Outcomes After Stressor-Associated Atrial Fibrillation Using ECG-Based Deep Learning.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Impacts of preoperative kidney function and acute kidney injury on long-term kidney failure after cardiac surgery: a registry-based cohort study.BMC nephrology · 2026Article
- The rate and predictors of recompensation in patients with decompensated cirrhosis due to metabolic dysfunction-associated liver disease (MASLD).Hepatology communications · 2026Article
- Response to Letter to the Editor "Methodological Considerations on the Longitudinal Analysis of Polymyxin B‑Induced Kidney Injury" [Response to Letter].Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Article
- Time-varying exposure to ambient air pollution and mortality among colon cancer patients in northern Thailand: a 15-year retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Reinitiation of antidepressant pharmacotherapy among patients discharged from the hospital: A population-based cohort study.PLOS mental health · 2026Article
- Associations between suppressive antibiotic therapy, treatment failure, and side effects among young, immunocompetent veterans with prosthetic joint infection who undergo debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2026Article
- Competing Risks Analysis for Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio as a Predictor of Diabetic Nephropathy Incidence.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Article
- Two-way increased-risk associations between hepatobiliary cancers and other malignancies: a population-based study.Hepatic oncology · 2025Article
- Contingency Management for Stimulant Use Disorder and Association With Mortality: A Cohort Study.The American journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In survival analysis, time-varying covariates are covariates whose value can change during follow-up. Outcomes in medical research are frequently subject to competing risks (events precluding the occurrence of the primary outcome). We review the types of time-varying covariates and highlight the effect of their inclusion in the subdistribution hazard model. External time-dependent covariates are external to the subject, can effect the failure process, but are not otherwise involved in the failure mechanism. Internal time-varying covariates are measured on the subject, can effect the failure process directly, and may also be impacted by the failure mechanism. In the absence of competing risks, a consequence of including internal time-dependent covariates in the Cox model is that one cannot estimate the survival function or the effect of covariates on the survival function. In the presence of competing risks, the inclusion of internal time-varying covariates in a subdistribution hazard model results in the loss of the ability to estimate the cumulative incidence function (CIF) or the effect of covariates on the CIF. Furthermore, the definition of the risk set for the subdistribution hazard function can make defining internal time-varying covariates difficult or impossible. We conducted a review of the use of time-varying covariates in subdistribution hazard models in articles published in the medical literature in 2015 and in the first 5 months of 2019. Seven percent of articles published included a time-varying covariate. Several inappropriately described a time-varying covariate as having an association with the risk of the outcome.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.