Trial reportScientific reports2019
Proteins and microRNAs are differentially expressed in tear fluid from patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Trial report in Scientific reports, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Tear Biomarkers in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases, and Multiple Sclerosis: Implications for Diagnosis (Systematic Review).International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Exploring Alzheimer Disease from a Retinal and Ocular Perspective.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Review
- Nanomaterial-enabled smart contact lenses: bridging sensing, therapy, and theranostics for next-generation ocular healthcare.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Association of tear fluid glutathione synthetase and glutathione levels with amyloid positivity.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Comprehensive profiling of the human tear fluid miRNome using small RNA sequencing.The ocular surface · 2026Article
- Altered tear fluid protein expression in persons with mild cognitive impairment.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2026Article
- Oculomics: advances and perspectives from traditional Chinese medicine to modern multimodal biomarkers.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Review
- An Exploratory Analysis of Differential Tear Fluid miRNAs in Patients with Parkinson's Disease and Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Tear fluid reflects the altered protein expressions of Alzheimer's disease patients in proteins involved in protein repair and clearance system or the regulation of cytoskeleton.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2025Article
- Review
- Visual Function in Alzheimer's Disease: Current Understanding and Potential Mechanisms Behind Visual Impairment.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Insights into Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease: From Core Markers to Emerging Directions.Aging and disease · 2025Review
- Reference genes validation in tear fluid for RNA analysis in ocular surface disease.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The ocular surface tear film as a biomarker for systemic health.The ocular surface · 2025Review
- Neuroinflammation Markers in Tear Fluid of Mild Alzheimer's Disease.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2025Article
- Biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: Emerging trends and clinical implications.Chinese medical journal · 2025Article
- Altered tear fluid protein expression in persons with mild Alzheimer's disease in proteins involved in oxidative stress, protein synthesis, and energy metabolism.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2025Article
- Current Strategies and Future Directions of Wearable Biosensors for Measuring Stress Biochemical Markers for Neuropsychiatric Applications.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- MicroRNAs Fine-Tune Brain and Body Communication in Health and Disease : MicroRNAs in Brain-Body Communication.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2025Review
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a progressive loss of neurons and cognitive functions. Therefore, early diagnosis of AD is critical. The development of practical and non-invasive diagnostic tests for AD remains, however, an unmet need. In the present proof-of-concept study we investigated tear fluid as a novel source of disease-specific protein and microRNA-based biomarkers for AD development using samples from patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. Tear protein content was evaluated via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and microRNA content was profiled using a genome-wide high-throughput PCR-based platform. These complementary approaches identified enrichment of specific proteins and microRNAs in tear fluid of AD patients. In particular, we identified elongation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) as a unique protein present only in AD samples. Total microRNA abundance was found to be higher in tears from AD patients. Among individual microRNAs, microRNA-200b-5p was identified as a potential biomarker for AD with elevated levels present in AD tear fluid samples compared to controls. Our study suggests that tears may be a useful novel source of biomarkers for AD and that the identification and verification of biomarkers within tears may allow for the development of a non-invasive and cost-effective diagnostic test for AD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.