ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2019
Multiple health and environmental impacts of foods.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 281 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
281 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Sustainable dietary recommendations for the Spanish population.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Heterogeneity in diet-related non-communicable disease risks in a Chinese population.European journal of nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Self-control strategies to reduce meat consumption: An ecological momentary intervention.Applied psychology. Health and well-being · 2026Trial
- Effect of food swap recommendations on the healthfulness and carbon footprint of grocery purchases in a naturalistic online store: A randomized parallel trial.PLoS medicine · 2026Trial
- The effect of increasing availability of vegetarian meals on their sales in worksite cafeterias: a stepped-wedge cluster randomised controlled trial.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2026Trial
- The "Eat Less Meat" one-month challenge: a randomized controlled trial of a meat reduction pledge intervention among French university students.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2025Trial
- Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Is Linked to Environmental Sustainability: The Role of the Mediterranean Diet.Nutrients · 2025Trial
- Ecolabels and the Healthfulness and Carbon Footprint of Restaurant Meal Selections: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2025Trial
- Effects of red meat taxes and warning labels on food groups selected in a randomized controlled trial.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2024Trial
- The effects of health-related food taxes on the environmental impact of consumer food purchases: secondary analysis of data from a randomised controlled trial in a virtual supermarket.Public health nutrition · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Studying factual versus social cues as triggers of change in food behaviour.Journal of nutritional science · 2024Trial
- Traffic-light front-of-pack environmental labelling across food categories triggers more environmentally friendly food choices: a randomised controlled trial in virtual reality supermarket.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2023Trial
- Health co-benefits of sustainable dietary transitions to reduced red and processed meat intake in the United Kingdom: a modelling study.European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Emergy-Based Sustainability Evaluation and Optimization Scenarios for 341 Chinese Home-Cooked Dishes.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Does higher food biodiversity in the Dutch diet lead to lower environmental impact?European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Balancing Environmental Footprints and Nutritional Efficiency in University Canteen Menus: A Scenario-Based Life Cycle Assessment of Menu Architecture.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Modelling EAT-lancet dietary patterns scenarios: effects on environmental and health metrics in children and adolescents.European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Nutritional Life Cycle Assessment of Cow Milk in Northern Italy: Implications for Comparisons with Plant-Based Alternatives.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
221 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Food choices are shifting globally in ways that are negatively affecting both human health and the environment. Here we consider how consuming an additional serving per day of each of 15 foods is associated with 5 health outcomes in adults and 5 aspects of agriculturally driven environmental degradation. We find that while there is substantial variation in the health outcomes of different foods, foods associated with a larger reduction in disease risk for one health outcome are often associated with larger reductions in disease risk for other health outcomes. Likewise, foods with lower impacts on one metric of environmental harm tend to have lower impacts on others. Additionally, of the foods associated with improved health (whole grain cereals, fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, olive oil, and fish), all except fish have among the lowest environmental impacts, and fish has markedly lower impacts than red meats and processed meats. Foods associated with the largest negative environmental impacts-unprocessed and processed red meat-are consistently associated with the largest increases in disease risk. Thus, dietary transitions toward greater consumption of healthier foods would generally improve environmental sustainability, although processed foods high in sugars harm health but can have relatively low environmental impacts. These findings could help consumers, policy makers, and food companies to better understand the multiple health and environmental implications of food choices.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.