ReviewHypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)2019
Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy, Vascular Health and Cardiovascular Disease in Transgender Adults.
Review in Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 106 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
106 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 197 citations in OpenAlex.
- A comprehensive meta-analysis of exogenous estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone in animal models of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.Biology of sex differences · 2026Pooled it
- Cardiovascular mortality associated with testosterone therapy in cisgender women and transgender men: a systematic review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Mapping the cardiovascular burden in transgender individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Brazilian Guideline on Menopausal Cardiovascular Health - 2024.Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia · 2024Guideline
- Breaking barriers: navigating cardiovascular health in the transgender community.Internal and emergency medicine · 2026Review
- Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection and Takotsubo Syndrome: Converging Mechanisms, Diagnostic Pitfalls, and a Unified Clinical Algorithm.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Endocrine modulation of cortical and retinal baseline perfusion across the menstrual cycle.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2026Article
- Transgender persons receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy: risk of acute cardiovascular events in a Dutch cohort study.European heart journal · 2026Article
- Endogenous and exogenous determinants of sex differences in blood pressure.NPJ cardiovascular health · 2026Review
- Feminizing and masculinizing gender-affirming hormone therapy affects fibrin clot characteristics in opposite directions.Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Atherosclerosis and its Clinical Complications.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2026Review
- Plasma proteome adaptations during feminizing gender-affirming hormone therapy.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Data gaps for symptoms of myocardial infarction in transgender and gender diverse patients: a brief literature review and call to action.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Male Rat Model of Chemical Androgen Deprivation and Estrogenization from the Perspective of Anthropometric, Histological, and Biochemical Parameters.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Article
- Sexual orientation, gender identity and cardiometabolic risk: a narrative review.Diabetologia · 2025Review
- Estrogen elicits ferroptosis-related myocardial oxidative stress and dysfunction in male rats.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2025Article
- Cardiovascular risk of gender-affirming estrogen therapy in a transgender rat model.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Article
- Refractory left main coronary vasospasm and electrical storm in a transgender woman: a case report.European heart journal. Case reports · 2025Article
- Effects of 17β-Estradiol Treatment on Metabolic Function and Aortic Relaxation in Castrated Male Rats.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
46 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Gender-affirming or cross-sex hormone therapy is integral to the management of transgender individuals yet our appreciation of the effects of such hormones on cardiovascular health is limited. Insights into vascular pathophysiology and outcomes in transgender people receiving sex steroids could be fundamental in providing better care for this population through the management of cardiovascular risk and more broadly advance our understanding of the role of sex and gender in vascular health and disease. In addition, there is a need to understand how gender-affirming hormone therapy impacts cardiovascular disease risk and events as transgender individuals age. This review explores the available evidence on the associations between gender-affirming hormones and cardiovascular events such as coronary artery disease, stroke, hypertension, thrombosis, lipid abnormalities, and diabetes mellitus. Current research about vascular outcomes in adults receiving hormonal therapy is limited by the absence of large cohort studies, lack of appropriate control populations, and inadequate data acquisition from gender identity services. Existing epidemiological data suggest that the use of estrogens in transgender females confers an increased risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Conversely, transgender males receiving testosterone lack any consistent or convincing evidence of increased risk of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease. Further studies are required to confirm whether such risk exists and the mechanisms by which they occur.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.