ArticleEnvironment international2019
Association of water fluoride and urinary fluoride concentrations with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Canadian youth.
Article in Environment international, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fluoride Exposure and ADHD: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Pooled it
- Prenatal Water Fluoride Exposure and Children's Behavioral Problems.JAMA network open · 2026Observational
- The sugar industry's efforts to manipulate research on fluoride effectiveness and toxicity: a ninety-year history.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2025Article
- Updated consumer risk assessment of fluoride in food and drinking water including the contribution from other sources of oral exposure.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
- How the public's knowledge, attitudes, and practice intersect with scientific evidence about fluoride.Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · 2025Article
- Dose dependence of prenatal fluoride exposure associations with cognitive performance at school age in three prospective studies.European journal of public health · 2024Article
- Prenatal fluoride exposure, offspring visual acuity and autonomic nervous system function in 6-month-old infants.Environment international · 2024Article
- Epidemiological analysis of drinking water-type fluorosis areas and the impact of fluorosis on children's health in the past 40 years in China.Environmental geochemistry and health · 2023Article
- Fluoride exposure and hypothyroidism in a Canadian pregnancy cohort.The Science of the total environment · 2023Article
- Role of renal function in the association of drinking water fluoride and plasma fluoride among adolescents in the United States: NHANES, 2013-2016.Environmental research · 2022Article
- A Benchmark Dose Analysis for Maternal Pregnancy Urine-Fluoride and IQ in Children.Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis · 2022Article
- Review of rodent models of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2022Review
- Impacts of Fluoride Neurotoxicity and Mitochondrial Dysfunction on Cognition and Mental Health: A Literature Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
- Urinary Fluoride Levels among Canadians with and without Community Water Fluoridation.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Chemical Aspects of Human and Environmental Overload with Fluorine.Chemical reviews · 2021Review
- Fluoride exposure and duration and quality of sleep in a Canadian population-based sample.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2021Article
- Serum Concentration of Fluoride in Patients with Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis from the Lublin Region in Eastern Poland.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- The Association between Community Water Fluoridation and Bone Diseases: A Natural Experiment in Cheongju, Korea.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Human exposure to fluoride from tea (Camellia sinensis) in a volcanic region-Canary Islands, Spain.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2020Article
- Associations between Urinary, Dietary, and Water Fluoride Concentrations among Children in Mexico and Canada.Toxics · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundExposure to fluoride has been linked with increased prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the United States and symptoms of inattention in Mexican children. We examined the association between fluoride exposure and attention outcomes among youth living in Canada.
methodWe used cross-sectional data collected from youth 6 to 17 years of age from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (Cycles 2 and 3). Urinary fluoride concentration adjusted for specific gravity (UFSG) was available for 1877 participants. Water fluoride concentration measured in tap water samples was available for 980 participants. Community water fluoridation (CWF) status was determined by viewing reports on each city's website or contacting the water treatment plant. We used logistic regression to test the association between the three measures of fluoride exposure and ADHD diagnosis. Linear regression was used to examine the relationship between the three measures of fluoride exposure and the hyperactivity/inattention score on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ).
resultsUF DISCUSSION: Exposure to higher levels of fluoride in tap water is associated with an increased risk of ADHD symptoms and diagnosis of ADHD among Canadian youth, particularly among adolescents. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.