ArticleHospital practices and research2019
Minorities' Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Hospitalization Risk: National Health Interview Survey (NHIS).
Article in Hospital practices and research, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed.
- Racialized Heteroscedasticity in Neuroimaging Features, Behavior Measures, and Neuroimaging-Based Predictive Models.Research square · 2026Article
- Immigrants' diminished protective effects of parental education and employment on youth mood disorders in Sweden.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Income Inequality, Gender Disparities, and Ethnic Differences: Investigating Allostatic Load in American Adults.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- "To Be Twice as Good to Get Half": Minorities' Diminished Returns.Journal of biomedical and life sciences · 2025Article
- Governance for anti-racist AI in healthcare: integrating racism-related stress in psychiatric algorithms for Black Americans.Frontiers in digital health · 2025Article
- Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Hypertension Prevalence among American Indian and Alaska Native Adults: National Health Interview Survey 2023.Global journal of cardiovascular diseases · 2025Article
- Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Numeracy Score of Latino Populations: Insights from UAS Data.Open journal of neuroscience · 2024Article
- Race/ethnicity and socioeconomic position in emergency department utilization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.Future oncology (London, England) · 2024Article
- Immigration, Educational Attainment, and Subjective Health in the United States.Journal of mental health & clinical psychology · 2024Article
- Neighborhood Factors, Individual Stressors, and Cardiovascular Health Among Black and White Adults in the US: The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Exposure to neighborhood poverty from adolescence through emerging adulthood and sleep duration in US adults.Health & place · 2023Article
- Associations between Socioeconomic Status and Psychological Distress: An Analysis of Disaggregated Latinx Subgroups Using Data from the National Health Interview Survey.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Gene-educational attainment interactions in a multi-population genome-wide meta-analysis identify novel lipid loci.Frontiers in genetics · 2023Article
- Diminished Returns in Europe: Socioeconomic Status and Ethno-Racial Health Disparities Across 30 Countries in the European Social Survey.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2022Article
- Immigration Status, Socioeconomic Status, and Self-Rated Health in Europe.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The relationship between educational attainment and hospitalizations among middle-aged and older adults in the United States.SSM - population health · 2021Article
- Commentary on Foxon & Selya (2020): Social gradients in long-term health consequences of cigarette use-will adolescent e-cigarette use follow the same trajectory?Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2020Article
- Combined Effects of Ethnicity and Education on Burden of Depressive Symptoms over 24 Years in Middle-Aged and Older Adults in the United States.Brain sciences · 2020Article
- Association of Educational Attainment and Race/Ethnicity With Exposure to Tobacco Advertisement Among US Young Adults.JAMA network open · 2020Article
- Diminished Health Returns of Educational Attainment Among Immigrant Adults in the United States.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAs suggested by the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, educational attainment shows a weaker protective effect for racial and ethnic minority groups compared to non-Hispanic Whites. This pattern, however, is never shown for hospitalization risk.
objectivesThis cross-sectional explored racial and ethnic variation in the association between educational attainment and hospitalization in the US.
methodsData came from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS 2015). The total sample was 28,959 American adults. Independent variables were educational attainment and hospitalization. The main outcome was hospitalization during the last 12 months. Age, gender, employment, marital status, region, obesity, and the number of cardiovascular conditions were covariates. Race and ethnicity were the effect modifiers. Logistic regression models were utilized to analyze the data.
resultsFrom all participants, 16.2% were Black and 11.6 were Hispanic, with a mean age of 51 years old. Overall, higher education levels were associated with lower odds of hospitalization, independent of all confounders. Educational attainment showed significant interactions with race (OR =1.04, 95% CI = 1.01 - 1.08) and ethnicity (OR = 1.04, 95% CI =1.01 -1.07) on hospitalization, indicating smaller protective effects of educational attainment on hospitalization of Hispanics and Blacks than non-Hispanic Whites.
conclusionThe protective effect of educational attainment on population health is smaller for Blacks and Hispanics compared to non-Hispanic Whites. To prevent health disparities, there is a need to minimize diminished returns of educational attainment for racial and ethnic minorities. To do so, there is a need for innovative and bold economic, public, and social policies that do not limit themselves to equalizing socioeconomic status but also help minorities leverage their available resources and gain tangible outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.