ReviewBrain : a journal of neurology2020
Freezing of gait: understanding the complexity of an enigmatic phenomenon.
Review in Brain : a journal of neurology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 91 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
91 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Effects of different types of deep brain stimulation on gait disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Pooled it
- Can transcranial Direct Current Stimulation enhance the efficacy of a rehabilitative intervention for the treatment of Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's disease? A double-blind, randomized controlled study.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2026Trial
- Nigral stimulation for freezing of gait: kinematic gait parameters inform optimization of stimulation frequency.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Trial
- Subthalamic and nigral stimulation for freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: Randomized pilot trial.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2024Trial
- Freezing of Gait: A Tribute to Nir Giladi.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Article
- The Noradrenergic Brain in Parkinson's Disease.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- Tackling Anxiety- and Stress-Related Freezing of Gait in People With Parkinson's Disease (TACKLING-FOG): Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Article
- Experiences of Anxiety and Its Relationship to Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease: A Qualitative Study.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Article
- Deciphering Freezing of Gait: What Neuropathology Reveals About an Episodic Phenomenon.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Review
- Aberrant Beta-Band Network Alteration Preceding Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Article
- Two-Dimensional Sagittal-Plane Gait Evaluation and Similarity Analysis in Parkinson's Disease Under ON and OFF Conditions: A Pilot Study.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Use of AR/VR for Treatment of Freezing of Gait (FoG) in Parkinson's Disease (PD).Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Longitudinal changes in effective connectivity associated with worsening freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: a resting-state functional MRI study.Journal of neurology · 2026Observational
- An updated definition of freezing of gait.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- Deep neurobehavioral phenotyping uncovers neural fingerprints of locomotor deficits in Parkinson's disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Self-delivered arousal-heightening stimuli to improve mobility in persons with parkinsonism: A case series.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Real-time detection and subtyping of "On-meds" freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease using lower-limb acceleration data.Journal of neurology · 2026Observational
- Urine bis(Monoacylglycerol)Phosphate and risk of freezing of gait in parkinson's disease.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Efficacy and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor function, depression, and cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clinical parkinsonism & related disorders · 2026Review
- Breaking the Freeze: The Role of Cognitive Function in Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease.Parkinson's disease · 2026Review
31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issuedErratum.2020
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Diverse but complementary methodologies are required to uncover the complex determinants and pathophysiology of freezing of gait. To develop future therapeutic avenues, we need a deeper understanding of the disseminated functional-anatomic network and its temporally associated dynamic processes. In this targeted review, we will summarize the latest advances across multiple methodological domains including clinical phenomenology, neurogenetics, multimodal neuroimaging, neurophysiology, and neuromodulation. We found that (i) locomotor network vulnerability is established by structural damage, e.g. from neurodegeneration possibly as result from genetic variability, or to variable degree from brain lesions. This leads to an enhanced network susceptibility, where (ii) modulators can both increase or decrease the threshold to express freezing of gait. Consequent to a threshold decrease, (iii) neuronal integration failure of a multilevel brain network will occur and affect one or numerous nodes and projections of the multilevel network. Finally, (iv) an ultimate pathway might encounter failure of effective motor output and give rise to freezing of gait as clinical endpoint. In conclusion, we derive key questions from this review that challenge this pathophysiological view. We suggest that future research on these questions should lead to improved pathophysiological insight and enhanced therapeutic strategies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.