Trial reportTobacco control2020
Communicating risk differences between electronic and combusted cigarettes: the role of the FDA-mandated addiction warning and a nicotine fact sheet.
Trial report in Tobacco control, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Interventions to change vaping harm perceptions and associations between harm perceptions and vaping and smoking behaviours: A systematic review.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Pooled it
- Effect of brief nicotine corrective messaging on nicotine beliefs in persons who use opioids.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2022Trial
- Examining reactions to smoking and COVID-19 risk messages: An experimental study with people who smoke.The International journal on drug policy · 2022Trial
- Effects of a Nicotine Fact Sheet on Perceived Risk of Nicotine and E-Cigarettes and Intentions to Seek Information About and Use E-Cigarettes.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Trial
- Developing Tobacco Risk Communications for Young Adults Susceptible to Dual Use of Combustible Cigarettes and Nicotine Vapes: Mixed Methods Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- Nicotine Risk Education and Its Impact on Knowledge, Perceptions, and Behavioral Intentions: A Scoping Review of U.S. Studies.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Cravings, Control, and Cessation: A Scoping Review of Perceptions of Nicotine Addiction.Current addiction reports · 2025Review
- Do Smokers' Perceptions of the Harmfulness of Nicotine Replacement Therapy and Nicotine Vaping Products as Compared to Cigarettes Influence Their Use as an Aid for Smoking Cessation? Findings from the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Article
- Perceptions of Nicotine Reduction Policy in the United States: A Qualitative Study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Article
- Multiple Tobacco Product Use Conceptual Framework: A 2021 Update on Evidence.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Review
- Associations Between Nicotine Knowledge and Smoking Cessation Behaviors Among US Adults Who Smoke.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Article
- LGB Tobacco Control: Do Health Belief Model Constructs Predict Tobacco Use Intentions Differently between LGB and Heterosexual Individuals?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Will E-Cigarette Modified Risk Messages with a Nicotine Warning Polarize Smokers' Beliefs about the Efficacy of Switching Completely to E-Cigarettes in Reducing Smoking-Related Risks?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Intentions to Seek Information about E-Cigarettes: Perceived Risk, Efficacy, and Smoking Identity.Journal of health communication · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionThe US Food and Drug Administration requires e-cigarettes to carry a nicotine addiction warning. This research compared the effects of messages communicating comparative risk of electronic and combusted cigarettes (CR messages) with and without the mandated warning and tested the effects of showing a nicotine fact sheet (NFS) before exposure to CR messages with warning.
methodIn an online experiment, 1528 US adult smokers were randomised to one of four conditions: (1) three CR messages, (2) three CR messages in condition one with an addiction warning, (3) an NFS followed by the three messages in condition 2 and (4) control messages. Outcomes included message reactions and perceived effectiveness, e-cigarette-related and cigarette-related beliefs and behavioural intentions and nicotine-related beliefs.
resultsCR messages with and without an addiction warning did not differ. The NFS condition produced higher odds of correctly understanding the risk of nicotine and stronger beliefs that switching to e-cigarettes could reduce health risks (response efficacy) than other treatments. Compared with control, all messages made it more likely for people to report e-cigarettes are less harmful than cigarettes and increased response efficacy and switch intentions to e-cigarettes. Only NFS condition increased correct beliefs about the risk of nicotine and self-efficacy about switching to e-cigarettes.
conclusionIncluding an addiction warning on CR messages did not reduce intentions to switch to e-cigarettes. Communicating accurate risk of nicotine together with CR messages and addiction warning increased smokers' self-efficacy beliefs about switching completely to e-cigarettes, making it a potentially promising antitobacco communication strategy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.