ArticleEuropean journal of clinical nutrition2020
Sunlight exposure, consumption of vitamin D-rich foods and vulvovaginal candidiasis in an African population: a prevalence case-control study.
Article in European journal of clinical nutrition, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- State-of-the-Art Review: Managing Vulvovaginal Candidiasis.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Review
- Determinants of fungal infection and hospital readmission risk in interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features: associations with vitamin D and pirfenidone.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- MRSL: a causal network pruning algorithm based on GWAS summary data.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesTo date, only two studies have investigated the relationship between vitamin D (vitD) deficiency and candidiasis in spite of vitD's antimicrobial and immunomodulatory roles. We examined the relationship between sunlight exposure and consumption of vitD-rich foods, markers of vitD status, and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) in an African population to add to the limited evidence and stimulate additional research. SUBJECTS/
methodsThree hundred cases (females diagnosed as suffering from VVC) and three hundred controls (females diagnosed as suffering from any condition other than VVC) were selected from three health facilities in Cape Coast, Ghana. Sunlight exposure was assessed in a structured questionnaire with a food frequency questionnaire used to ascertain the frequency of consumption of vitD-rich foods.
resultsSelf-reported low sunlight exposure was associated with 3.38 (95% CI:1.99, 5.74) increased odds of VVC. Low and moderate sunlight exposure estimated by outdoor visits was also associated with increased odds of VVC. In sensitivity analysis restricted to matched sunlight exposure data, low and moderate exposure was associated with 5.78 (95% CI: 2.57, 12.99) and 3.53 (95% CI: 1.85, 6.75) increased odds of VVC. Odds of VVC increased with decreasing levels of consumption of vitD-rich foods (Likelihood-ratio test trend p = 0.1382). In the joint analysis, low and moderate vitD intake was associated with much higher increased odds of VVC.
conclusionsOur findings should be confirmed in prospective studies and clinical trials to strengthen the evidence base for preventive action and to also inform clinical decision making.
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