ReviewCells2019
The Adaptive Immune System in Multiple Sclerosis: An Estrogen-Mediated Point of View.
Review in Cells, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of menopause on relapse rate and disability level in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS): a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Mitochondrial vulnerability underlies myocarditis from COVID-19 mRNA vaccine.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Mapping the complexity of ME/CFS: Evidence for abnormal energy metabolism, altered immune profile, and vascular dysfunction.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Article
- AHR Agonist ITE Boosted PD1 Antibody's Effects by Inhibiting Myeloid-Derived Cells Suppressive Cells in an Orthotopic Mouse Glioma Model.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The Effect of Estradiol and Testosterone Levels Alone or in Combination with Their Receptors in Predicting the Severity of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Cohort Study.Iranian journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- Cladribine tablets in the new multiple sclerosis era.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2025Review
- Decreased lymph node estrogen levels cause nonremitting progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease.PNAS nexus · 2025Article
- Examination of iatrogenic FDG accumulation after COVID-19 vaccination.Annals of nuclear medicine · 2024Article
- Pain mechanisms in the transgender individual: a review.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
- Autoimmunity and Carcinogenesis: Their Relationship under the Umbrella of Autophagy.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Common Regulators of Lipid Metabolism and Bone Marrow Adiposity in Postmenopausal Women.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Cladribine and ocrelizumab induce differential miRNA profiles in peripheral blood mononucleated cells from relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Sex Hormones as Key Modulators of the Immune Response in Multiple Sclerosis: A Review.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Article
- A Narrative Review on Axonal Neuroprotection in Multiple Sclerosis.Neurology and therapy · 2022Review
- Hormone Therapy in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review.Journal of menopausal medicine · 2022Review
- Autoimmunity and Cancer-Two Sides of the Same Coin.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Skeletal muscle wasting: the estrogen side of sexual dimorphism.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2022Review
- Estrogen, the Peripheral Immune System and Major Depression - A Reproductive Lifespan Perspective.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic central nervous system inflammatory disease that leads to demyelination and neurodegeneration. The third trimester of pregnancy, which is characterized by high levels of estrogens, has been shown to be associated with reduced relapse rates compared with the rates before pregnancy. These effects could be related to the anti-inflammatory properties of estrogens, which orchestrate the reshuffling of the immune system toward immunotolerance to allow for fetal growth. The action of these hormones is mediated by the transcriptional regulation activity of estrogen receptors (ERs). Estrogen levels and ER expression define a specific balance of immune cell types. In this review, we explore the role of estradiol (E2) and ERs in the adaptive immune system, with a focus on estrogen-mediated cellular, molecular, and epigenetic mechanisms related to immune tolerance and neuroprotection in MS. The epigenome dynamics of immune systems are described as key molecular mechanisms that act on the regulation of immune cell identity. This is a completely unexplored field, suggesting a future path for more extensive research on estrogen-induced coregulatory complexes and molecular circuitry as targets for therapeutics in MS.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.