ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2020
Incidence and Risk Factors for Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and Community-acquired Pneumonia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals in a High-income Setting.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Recent changes to adult national immunization programs for pneumococcal vaccination in Europe and how they impact coverage: A systematic review of published and grey literature.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Pooled it
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- Long-term Immunogenicity and Boostability of the 13-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Followed by the 23-valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine in Adults Receiving Immunosuppressive Therapy and Adults With HIV-3-year Follow-up of a Prospective Cohort Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Persistent pneumococcal colonisation in antiretroviral-treated HIV infection is associated with nasal inflammation.Nature communications · 2025Article
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- Pneumococcal vaccine hyporesponsiveness in people living with HIV: A narrative review of immunological mechanisms and insights from minimally invasive lymph node sampling.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Distinct Defects in Marginal Zone B Cells and Filtration Function Characterize Hyposplenism in Persons With HIV-1 on Prolonged ART.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Influenza Antivirals for Prevention and Treatment in Immunocompromised People.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Incidence of Confirmed Influenza and Pneumococcal Infections and Vaccine Uptake Among Virologically Suppressed People Living with HIV.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Update on Vaccination Recommendations for Adults with HIV.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2025Review
- Molecular diagnostics improve the yield of diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia and multidrug-resistant pathogens in hospitalised patients with HIV in a low-income setting.African journal of thoracic and critical care medicine · 2025Article
- Challenges of HIV Management in an Aging Population.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2024Review
- Long COVID symptoms 6 months after acute infection among people living with HIV and people not living with HIV.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in People Living with HIV: A Retrospective Case-Control Study in Brazil.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
- Immunocompromised Host Pneumonia: Definitions and Diagnostic Criteria: An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2023Article
- Asplenia and spleen hypofunction.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2022Review
- A comprehensive overview of pneumococcal vaccination recommendations for adults in South Africa, 2022.Journal of thoracic disease · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlthough people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) are at increased risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), it is unclear whether this remains the case in the setting of early initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), at high CD4 cell counts. This is important, as pneumococcal vaccination coverage in PLWH is low in Europe and the United States, despite longstanding international recommendations.
methodsWe identified all CAP and IPD cases between 2008 and 2017 in a cohort of PLWH in a Dutch HIV referral center. We calculated incidence rates stratified by CD4 count and cART status and conducted a case-control study to identify risk factors for CAP in PLWH receiving cART.
resultsIncidence rates of IPD and CAP in PLWH were 111 and 1529 per 100 000 patient-years of follow-up (PYFU). Although IPD and CAP occurred more frequently in patients with CD4 counts <500 cells/μL (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 6.1 [95% confidence interval, 2.2-17] and IRR, 2.4 [95% confidence interval, 1.9-3.0]), the incidence rate in patients with CD4 counts >500 cells/μL remained higher compared with the general population (946 vs 188 per 100 000 PYFU). All IPD isolates were vaccine serotypes. Risk factors for CAP were older age, CD4 counts <500 cells/μL, smoking, drug use, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
conclusionsThe incidence of IPD and CAP among PLWH remains higher compared with the general population, even in those who are virally suppressed and have high CD4 counts. With all serotyped IPD isolates covered by pneumococcal vaccines, our study provides additional argumentation against the poor current adherence to international recommendations to vaccinate PLWH.
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