ArticleAIDS (London, England)2020
T cells with high PD-1 expression are associated with lower HIV-specific immune responses despite long-term antiretroviral therapy.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Expression Profile and Biological Role of Immune Checkpoints in Disease Progression of HIV/SIV Infection.Viruses · 2022Pooled it
- Safety and Immune Responses Following Anti-PD-1 Monoclonal Antibody Infusions in Healthy Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Antiretroviral Therapy.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- Impact of Anti-PD-1 and Anti-CTLA-4 on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Reservoir in People Living With HIV With Cancer on Antiretroviral Therapy: The AIDS Malignancy Consortium 095 Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Trial
- In vivo effect of anti-PD-1 on HIV-specific CD8+T-cells in men with HIV.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Innate antiviral and immune functions associated with the HIV reservoir decay after anti-PD-1 therapy.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Longitudinal T-Cell Phenotypic Dynamics During Sustained Antiretroviral Therapy in People With HIV.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- HIV reservoirs in lymphomagenesis: hidden driver in the era of viral suppression?Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Understanding the HIV-specific T-cell response to immune checkpoint blockade: what can we learn from cancer immunotherapy?Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2025Review
- Novel insights into immune checkpoints in HIV/SHIV infection: from SHIVJournal of virology · 2025Article
- Immunorecovered but Exhausted: Persistent PD-1/PD-L1 Expression Despite Virologic Suppression and CD4 Recovery in PLWH.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Serum sPD-1 as a marker of T cell exhaustion in ART-naïve, ART-experienced, and intestinal parasite co-infected HIV-positive adults at the university of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, 2024.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Longitudinal analysis of rhesus macaque metabolome during acute SIV infection reveals disruption in broad metabolite classes.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Cancer Immunotherapy Trials Network 12: Pembrolizumab in HIV-Associated Kaposi Sarcoma.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2025Article
- T-Cell Phenotypes and Systemic Cytokine Profiles of People Living with HIV Admitted to Hospital with COVID-19.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- An HIV-1 CRISPR-Cas9 membrane trafficking screen reveals a role for PICALM intersecting endolysosomes and immunity.iScience · 2024Article
- γδ T cells mediate robust anti-HIV functions during antiretroviral therapy regardless of immune checkpoint expression.Clinical & translational immunology · 2024Article
- Bryostatin-1 enhances the proliferation and functionality of exhausted CD8+ T cells by upregulating MAP Kinase 11.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- GITR activationiScience · 2023Article
- Article
- Reply to Lombardi et al.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveWe evaluated frequencies of T cells with high PD-1 expression (PD-1) before and after long-term effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), and determined if frequencies on-ART correlated positively with measures of HIV persistence and negatively with HIV-specific responses.
methodsWe enrolled individuals who started ART during chronic infection and had durable suppression of viremia for at least 4 years (N = 99). We assessed PD-1 T-cell frequencies at timepoints pre-ART and on-ART using flow cytometry, and evaluated how frequencies on-ART are associated with measures of HIV persistence, HIV-specific immune responses, and immune activation levels.
resultsPre-ART, PD-1 CD4 T cells correlated positively with viremia and negatively with CD4 T-cell count. At year 1 on-ART, %PD-1 CD4 T cells decreased but then remained stable at 4 and 6-15 years on-ART, whereas %PD-1 CD8 T cells on-ART remained similar to pre-ART. PD-1 CD4 T cells correlated positively with HIV DNA pre-ART and on-ART, and with CD4 T-cell activation on-ART. PD-1 CD4 T cells negatively correlated with HIV Gag-specific and Env-specific T-cell responses but not with CMV-specific or EBV-specific responses. PD-1 CD8 T cells trended towards a negative correlation with responses to Gag and Env, but not to CMV and EBV.
conclusionPD-1 T cells persist in blood despite prolonged suppression on ART, correlate with HIV DNA levels, and are associated with lower HIV-specific T-cell responses but not CMV-specific or EBV-specific responses, suggesting that these cells are HIV-specific. The findings support evaluating PD-1 blockade strategies for their effect on HIV persistence and HIV-specific immunity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.