ArticleThe International journal on drug policy2019
Prescription drug monitoring programs operational characteristics and fatal heroin poisoning.
Article in The International journal on drug policy, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review of the emerging literature on the effectiveness of naloxone access laws in the United States.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2021Pooled it
- The impact of race, gender, and heroin use on opioid addiction stigma.Journal of substance abuse treatment · 2022Trial
- State Point-of-Sale Comprehensive Background Check Policies and County Firearm Homicide Rates.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- The role of prescription opioid and cannabis supply policies on opioid overdose deaths.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- How do restrictions on opioid prescribing, harm reduction, and treatment coverage policies relate to opioid overdose deaths in the United States in 2013-2020? An application of a new state opioid policy scale.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- The association of state policies and opioid analgesic amount dispensed from retail pharmacies.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Trend analysis and future projections of global burden of opioid use disorder (OUD) from 1990 to 2030.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Scaling Interventions to Manage Chronic Disease: Innovative Methods at the Intersection of Health Policy Research and Implementation Science.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2024Article
- Changes in Opioid and Benzodiazepine Poisoning Deaths After Cannabis Legalization in the US: A County-level Analysis, 2002-2020.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2023Article
- The Future of the United States Overdose Crisis: Challenges and Opportunities.The Milbank quarterly · 2023Article
- Association of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs With Opioid Prescribing and Overdose in Adolescents and Young Adults.Annals of emergency medicine · 2023Article
- U.S. state policies on opioid prescribing during the peak of the prescription opioid crisis: Associations with opioid overdose mortality.The International journal on drug policy · 2022Article
- A modified Delphi process to identify experts' perceptions of the most beneficial and harmful laws to reduce opioid-related harm.The International journal on drug policy · 2022Article
- The effects of opioid policy changes on transitions from prescription opioids to heroin, fentanyl and injection drug use: a qualitative analysis.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2022Article
- The estimated impact of state-level support for expanded delivery of substance use disorder treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2022Article
- Did prescribing laws disproportionately affect opioid dispensing to Black patients?Health services research · 2022Article
- Prescription Drug Monitoring and Child Maltreatment in the United States, 2004-2018.The Journal of pediatrics · 2022Article
- Has Declining Opioid Dispensing to Cancer Patients Been Tailored to Risk of Opioid Harms?Journal of pain and symptom management · 2022Article
- Association between fatal opioid overdose and state medical cannabis laws in US national survey data, 2000-2011.The International journal on drug policy · 2022Article
- Ensemble learning to predict opioid-related overdose using statewide prescription drug monitoring program and hospital discharge data in the state of Tennessee.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 8 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPrescription drug monitoring programs (PDMP), by reducing access to prescribed opioids (POs), may contribute to a policy environment in which some people with opioid dependence are at increased risk for transitioning from POs to heroin/other illegal opioids. This study examines how PDMP adoption and changes in the characteristics of PDMPs over time contribute to changes in fatal heroin poisoning in counties within states from 2002 to 2016.
methodsLatent transition analysis to classify PDMPs into latent classes (Cooperative, Proactive, and Weak) for each state and year, across three intervals (1999-2004, 2005-2009, 2010-2016). We examined the association between probability of PDMP latent class membership and the rate of county-level heroin poisoning death.
resultsAfter adjustment for potential county-level confounders and co-occurring policy changes, adoption of a PDMP was significantly associated with increased heroin poisoning rates (22% increase by third year post-adoption). Findings varied by PDMP type. From 2010-2016, states with Cooperative PDMPs (those more likely to share data with other states, to require more frequent reporting, and include more drug schedules) had 19% higher heroin poisoning rates than states with Weak PDMPs (adjusted rate ratio [ARR] = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.14, 1.25). States with Proactive PDMPs (those more likely to report outlying prescribing and dispensing and provide broader access to law enforcement) had 6% lower heroin poisoning rates than states with No/Weak PDMPs (ARR = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.90, 0.98).
conclusionThere is a consistent, positive association between state PDMP adoption and heroin poisoning mortality. However, this varies by PDMP type, with Proactive PDMPs associated with a small reduction in heroin poisoning deaths. This raises questions about the potential for PDMPs to support efforts to decrease heroin overdose risk, particularly by using proactive alerts to identify patients in need of treatment for opioid use disorder. Future research on mechanisms explaining the reduction in heroin poisonings after enactment of Proactive PDMPs is merited.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.