Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31626695›Full record

SynthesisSchizophrenia bulletin2020

Retinal Changes in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Based on Individual Participant Data.

Charalampos T Kazakos, Vasilios Karageorgiou

Open access · bronzeAbstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
33citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
3.6field-weighted citation impact, top 7% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

33 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Pooled it
  5. Article
  6. Schizophrenia: from mechanism to therapy.Science China. Life sciences · 2026
    Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Thinning of central foveal thickness in the retina of patients with schizophrenia.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Clinical and biological correlates of optical coherence tomography findings in schizophrenia.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2023
    Article
  19. Article
  20. Optical coherence tomography reveals retinal thinning in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2023
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Charalampos T KazakosIndependent Researcher, Athens, Greece.
Vasilios KarageorgiouSecond Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens · GR

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundRetinal assessment has indicated the presence of neuronal loss in neurodegenerative disorders, but its role in schizophrenia remains unclear. We sought to synthesize the available evidence considering 3 noninvasive modalities: optical coherence tomography, electroretinography, and fundus photography, and examine their diagnostic accuracy based on unpublished individual participant data, when provided by the primary study authors.

methodsWe searched MEDLINE, SCOPUS, clinicaltrials.gov, PSYNDEX, Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials (CENTRAL), WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and Google Scholar, up to October 30, 2018. Authors were contacted and invited to share anonymized participant-level data. Aggregate data were pooled using random effects models. Diagnostic accuracy meta-analysis was based on multiple cutoffs logistic generalized linear mixed modeling. This study was registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42018109344.

resultsPooled mean differences of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in micrometer between 694 eyes of 432 schizophrenia patients and 609 eyes of 358 controls, from 11 case-control studies, with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by quadrant were the following: -4.55, 95% CI: -8.28, -0.82 (superior); -6.25, 95% CI: -9.46, -3.04 (inferior); -3.18, 95% CI: -5.04, -1.31 (nasal); and -2.7, 95% CI: -4.35, -1.04 (temporal). Diagnostic accuracy, based on 4 studies, was fair to poor, unaffected by age and sex; macular area measurements performed slightly better.

conclusionThe notion of structural and functional changes in retinal integrity of patients with schizophrenia is supported with current evidence, but diagnostic accuracy is limited. The potential prognostic, theranostic, and preventive role of retinal evaluation remains to be examined.

Indexed as

BiomarkersHumansRetinaSchizophreniaBiomarkersbiomarkersfundus photographyneurodegenerationneuropsychiatryoptical coherence tomography/electroretinographyoptic nervepsychosisretinal imaging

Identifiers

PMID31626695
PMCPMC7145676
OpenAlexW2981117059

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.