ArticleContact dermatitis2020
Identification of pigments related to allergic tattoo reactions in 104 human skin biopsies.
Article in Contact dermatitis, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- Red tattoo allergies after REACH regulation: a continuing problem.Dermatology reports · 2026Article
- Tattoo-Induced Cutaneous Lymphoid Hyperplasia: A Case Series and Review of the Literature.Dermatology practical & conceptual · 2026Article
- Working with technical purity: simulation of red tattoo pigment metabolism by online-liquid chromatography-electrochemistry-mass spectrometry.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Article
- Tattoo Ink Products and Pigments 2018-2019 Upfront the New EU-REACH Regulation: Danish Golden Benchmark Study of 108 Studios and 39,687 Clients Tattooed with Inks from 109,720 Ink Bottles.Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Quinacridones as a Building Block for Sustainable Gliding Layers on Ice and Snow.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- What's in My Ink: An Analysis of Commercial Tattoo Ink on the US Market.Analytical chemistry · 2024Article
- Cutaneous Adverse Reactions Associated with Tattoos and Permanent Makeup Pigments.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Allergic Contact Dermatitis Reaction to Permanent Tattoo Containing Paraphenylenediamine: A Case Report.Case reports in immunology · 2024Article
- Tattoo Pigment Biokinetics in vivo in a 28-Day Porcine Model: Elements Undergo Fast Distribution to Lymph Nodes and Reach Steady State after 7 Days.Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Are Some Metals in Tattoo Inks Harmful to Health? An Analytical Approach.Chemical research in toxicology · 2023Article
- Investigation of Adverse Reactions in Tattooed Skin through Histological and Chemical Analysis.Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Lymphatic Alterations Under Tattoos: Preliminary Reports of One Observational Study.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2023Article
- Chemical characterization of inks in skin reactions to tattoo.Journal of synchrotron radiation · 2022Article
- Co-localized line-field confocal optical coherence tomography and confocal Raman microspectroscopy for three-dimensional high-resolution morphological and molecular characterization of skin tissuesBiomedical optics express · 2022Article
- Treatment of a refractory allergic reaction to a red tattoo on the lips with methotrexate and Q-switched Nd-Yag laser.JAAD case reports · 2022Article
- Assessment of cytotoxicity and sensitization potential of intradermally injected tattoo inks in reconstructed human skin.Contact dermatitis · 2021Article
- Laser vs. thermal treatments of green pigment PG36: coincidence and toxicity of processes.Archives of toxicology · 2021Article
- High-frequency (20 MHz) high-intensity focused ultrasound: New ablative method for color-independent tattoo removal in 1-3 sessions. An open-label exploratory study.Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) · 2020Article
- Identification of pigments related to allergic tattoo reactions in 104 human skin biopsies.Contact dermatitis · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRed tattoos are prone to allergic reactions. The identity of the allergen(s) is mostly unknown.
objectivesChemical analysis of human skin biopsies from chronic allergic reactions in red tattoos to identify culprit pigment(s) and metals. MATERIAL AND
methodsOne hundred four dermatome biopsies were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS/MS) for identification of commonly used organic pigments. Metal concentrations were assessed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-MS and x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Fourteen patients had cross-reactions in other red tattoos.
resultsIn total, the identified pigments were mainly azo Pigment Red (P.R.) 22 (35%), P.R. 210 (24%), P.R. 170 (12%), P.R. 5 (0.9%), P.R. 112 (0.9%), and Pigment Orange (P.O.) 13 (11%). P.R. 122 (0.9%) and Pigment Violet (P.V.) 23 (8%) were also common. P.R. 22, P.R. 170, and P.R. 210 also dominated in patients with cross-reactions. In 22% of the biopsies, no red pigment was detected. Element analysis indicated the presence of the sensitizers nickel and chromium.
conclusionsP.R. 22, P.R. 170, and P.R. 210 were identified as the prevailing pigments behind chronic allergic reactions in red tattoos. The epitope causing the reaction might be a pigment-degradation product. Metal contamination may derive from different sources, and its role in red tattoo allergy cannot be ascertained.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.