ReviewJournal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR2019
Immunotherapy of brain metastases: breaking a "dogma".
Review in Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 102 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors for brain metastases of non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Pooled it
- The combined use of steroids and immune checkpoint inhibitors in brain metastasis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neuro-oncology · 2021Pooled it
- Quantification of Scheduling Impact on Safety and Efficacy Outcomes of Brain Metastasis Radio- and Immuno-Therapies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2020Pooled it
- Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non-small-cell Lung Cancer Patients With Different Metastatic Sites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2020Pooled it
- Equity in Neurotoxicity Care in the Era of Cancer Immunotherapy.Seminars in neurology · 2026Article
- Distinct immune landscapes characterize highly versus minimally invasive brain metastases.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Immune architecture of colorectal cancer brain metastases: spatial TAM heterogeneity and PD-L1 dynamics.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Modeling brain metastases in cost effectiveness analysis of atezolizumab for extensive stage small cell lung cancer.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Tailored brain metastatic tumor cells-derived apoptotic bodies ameliorate Alzheimer's disease by promoting microglia efferocytosis and neuroinflammation mitigation.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Article
- The safety and efficacy of dabrafenib plus trametinib for patients with brain metastatic melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Progress in personalized immunotherapy for patients with brain metastasis.NPJ precision oncology · 2025Review
- A multifunctional targeted nano-delivery system with radiosensitization and immune activation in glioblastoma.Radiation oncology (London, England) · 2024Article
- Evolutionary Trend Analysis of Research on Immunotherapy for Brain Metastasis Based on Machine-Learning Scientometrics.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Outcomes of Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Brain Metastases Treated with the Upfront Single Agent Pembrolizumab: A Retrospective and Multicentric Study of the ESCKEYP GFPC Cohort.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2024Article
- The role of radiotherapy in immunotherapy strategies in the central nervous system.Neuro-oncology · 2024Review
- Immunotherapy Combined with Radiation in Malignant Melanoma without BRAF Mutations Brain Metastases-Favorable Response after Immunotherapy Continued beyond Progression.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Article
- Analysis of community connectivity in spatial transcriptomics data.Frontiers in applied mathematics and statistics · 2024Article
- Article
- Harnessing immunotherapy for brain metastases: insights into tumor-brain microenvironment interactions and emerging treatment modalities.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2023Review
- Three-Dimensional In Vitro Tumor Spheroid Models for Evaluation of Anticancer Therapy: Recent Updates.Cancers · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Until very few years ago, the oncology community dogmatically excluded any clinical potential for immunotherapy in controlling brain metastases. Therefore, despite the significant therapeutic efficacy of monoclonal antibodies to immune check-point(s) across a wide range of tumor types, patients with brain disease were invariably excluded from clinical trials with these agents. Recent insights on the immune landscape of the central nervous system, as well as of the brain tumor microenvironment, are shedding light on the immune-biology of brain metastases.Interestingly, retrospective analyses, case series, and initial prospective clinical trials have recently investigated the role of different immune check-point inhibitors in brain metastases, reporting a significant clinical activity also in this subset of patients. These findings, and their swift translation in the daily practice, are driving fundamental changes in the clinical management of patients with brain metastases, and raise important neuroradiologic challenges. Along this line, neuro-oncology undoubtedly represents an additional area of active investigation and of growing interest to support medical oncologists in the evaluation of clinical responses of brain metastases to ICI treatment, and in the management of neurologic immune-related adverse events.Aim of this review is to summarize the most recent findings on brain metastases immunobiology, on the evolving scenario of clinical efficacy of ICI therapy in patients with brain metastases, as well as on the increasing relevance of neuroradiology in this therapeutic setting.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.