ReviewAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI2019
A Review of Biomechanical Gait Classification with Reference to Collected Trot, Passage and Piaffe in Dressage Horses.
Review in Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Audio-Based Characterization of Gait Parameters in Mangalarga Marchador, Campolina, and Piquira Horses Using Deep Learning.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Effects of Head-Neck Position and Ground Surface on Gait Kinematics in Ridden Brazilian Criollo Horses.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Biomechanical assessment of dressage Spanish horses through accelerometry and the immediate effects of a single capacitive resistive electrical transfer session.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- The dynamic 3D horse: analyzing the relationship between whole body pathomechanics and joint degeneration in the fetlocks.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Retrospective Analysis of Suspensory Ligament Branch Injuries in 70 Dressage Horses.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Orthopaedic Injuries in 272 Dressage Horses: A Retrospective Study.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Bayesian Recursive and Structural Equation Models to Infer Causal Links Among Gait Visual Scores on Campolina Horses.Journal of animal breeding and genetics = Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie · 2025Article
- An iterative approach to identify key predictive features of fear reactivity and fearfulness in horses (Equus caballus).Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Improving Mobility: A Case Report on the Rehabilitation of a Gait Anomaly in an Asian Elephant at a Thai Elephant Conservation Center.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- The impact of teaching approach on horse and rider biomechanics during riding lessons.Heliyon · 2025Article
- Applying Multi-Purpose Commercial Inertial Sensors for Monitoring Equine Locomotion in Equestrian Training.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- In the Eye of the Beholder-Visual Search Behavior in Equestrian Dressage Judges.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Comparison of Conformation and Movement Characteristics in Dressage and Jumping Sport Warmblood Mares Based on Point Evaluation and Linear Scoring System.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Timing of Vertical Head, Withers and Pelvis Movements Relative to the Footfalls in Different Equine Gaits and Breeds.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
- Control of Mammalian Locomotion by Somatosensory Feedback.Comprehensive Physiology · 2021Article
- Impact of Gait and Diameter during Circular Exercise on Front Hoof Area, Vertical Force, and Pressure in Mature Horses.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Article
- An Experimental Comparison of Simple Measurements Used for the Characterization of Sand Equestrian Surfaces.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Article
- Ground Reaction Forces of Dressage Horses Performing the Piaffe.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Article
- Improving gait classification in horses by using inertial measurement unit (IMU) generated data and machine learning.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Gaits are typically classified as walking or running based on kinematics, the shape of the vertical ground reaction force (GRF) curve, and the use of inverted pendulum or spring-mass mechanics during the stance phase. The objectives of this review were to describe the biomechanical characteristics that differentiate walking and running gaits, then apply these criteria to classify and compare the enhanced natural gait of collected trot with the artificial gaits of passage and piaffe as performed by highly trained dressage horses. Limb contact and lift off times were used to determine contact sequence, limb phase, duty factor, and aerial phase duration. Ground reaction force data were plotted to assess fore and hind limb loading patterns. The center of mass (COM) trajectory was evaluated in relation to changes in potential and kinetic energy to assess the use of inverted pendulum and spring-mass mechanics. Collected trot and passage were classified as running gaits according to all three criteria whereas piaffe appears to be a hybrid gait combining walking kinematics with running GRFs and COM mechanics. The hind limbs act as springs and show greater limb compression in passage and piaffe compared with trot, whereas the forelimbs behave more like struts showing less compression in passage and piaffe than in trot.
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