ArticlePloS one2019
Extracellular vesicles in human semen modulate antigen-presenting cell function and decrease downstream antiviral T cell responses.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Barriers and Facilitators Along the PrEP Continuum of Care Among Latinx Sexual Minoritized Men and Transgender Women: A Systematic Review.AIDS and behavior · 2024Pooled it
- The maternal immune response to semen: implications for reproductive success in livestock.Reproduction & fertility · 2026Review
- Environmental influences on seminal plasma: Molecular and functional insights.The Journal of reproduction and development · 2026Review
- Heterogeneity in semen-mediated tolerogenic responses: defining immunological determinants of reproductive compatibility.Human reproduction open · 2026Article
- Review
- The emerging role of tissue regulatory T cells in tissue repair and regeneration.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Extracellular vesicles from human semen induce unique tolerogenic phenotypes in vaginal dendritic cells and regulatory T lymphocytes.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- The efficacy and functional consequences of interactions between human spermatozoa and seminal fluid extracellular vesicles.Reproduction & fertility · 2024Article
- Developing glycoproteomics reveals the role of posttranslational glycosylation in the physiological and pathological processes of male reproduction.iMetaOmics · 2024Article
- Extracellular vesicles from seminal plasma interact with T cells in vitro and drive their differentiation into regulatory T-cells.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2024Article
- Innovative approaches in lung tissue engineering: the role of exosome-loaded bioscaffolds in regenerative medicine.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2024Review
- The role of small extracellular vesicles in spreading and inhibiting arthropod-borne diseases.GMS hygiene and infection control · 2024Review
- Saliva and Saliva Extracellular Vesicles for Biomarker Candidate Identification-Assay Development and Pilot Study in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Extracellular vesicles would be involved in the release and delivery of seminal TGF-β isoforms in pigs.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1): an up-to-date overview of an eclectic immunoregulatory enzyme.The FEBS journal · 2022Review
- Phase 2 of extracellular RNA communication consortium charts next-generation approaches for extracellular RNA research.iScience · 2022Review
- Mucosal tissue regulatory T cells are integral in balancing immunity and tolerance at portals of antigen entry.Mucosal immunology · 2022Review
- Extracellular Vesicles in Skin Wound Healing.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Circulating Extracellular Vesicles As Biomarkers and Drug Delivery Vehicles in Cardiovascular Diseases.Biomolecules · 2021Review
- Salivary Exosomes: From Waste to Promising Periodontitis Treatment.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Human semen contains trillions of extracellular vesicles (SEV) similar in size to sexually transmitted viruses and loaded with potentially bioactive miRNAs, proteins and lipids. SEV were shown to inhibit HIV and Zika virus infectivity, but whether SEV are able also to affect subsequent immune responses is unknown. We found that SEV efficiently bound to and entered antigen-presenting cells (APC) and thus we set out to further dissect the impact of SEV on APC function and the impact on downstream T cell responses. In an APC-T cell co-culture system, SEV exposure to APC alone markedly reduced antigen-specific cytokine production, degranulation and cytotoxicity by antigen-specific memory CD8+ T cells. In contrast, inhibition of CD4+ T cell responses required both APC and T cell exposure to SEV. Surprisingly, SEV did not alter MHC or co-stimulatory receptor expression on APCs, but caused APCs to upregulate indoleamine 2,3 deoxygenase, an enzyme known to indirectly inhibit T cells. Thus, SEV reduce the ability of APCs to activate T cells. We propose here that these immune-inhibitory properties of SEV may be intended to prevent immune responses against semen-derived antigens, but can be hi-jacked by genitally acquired viral infections to compromise adaptive cellular immunity.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.