ArticleNature communications2019
IL-36 promotes anti-viral immunity by boosting sensitivity to IFN-α/β in IRF1 dependent and independent manners.
Article in Nature communications, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- IL-19 Modulates Antiviral Immunity and Inflammation via IL-20RB/STAT3/TRIM22 Signaling Pathway.Journal of medical virology · 2026Article
- Hydrogen sulfide inhalation induces changes in body physiology and lung gene expression in mice.Scientific reports · 2026Article
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- IL-37 and IL-36 Cytokine Profiles in Chronic Hepatitis Delta During Bulevirtide Therapy.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- IRF1 amplifies HSV-1-triggered antiviral innate immunity in a feed-forward manner.Cell insight · 2025Article
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- Review
- Interleukin-36 upregulates type-I interferon responses in systemic lupus erythematosus by promoting the accumulation of self-nucleic acids.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Editorial: Viral infection pathogenesis and pathology in nervous system.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
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- FloxedCells · 2024Article
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- Karyotypic stasis and swarming influenced the evolution of viral tolerance in a species-rich bat radiation.Cell genomics · 2024Article
- Transcriptomic profiling of thymic dysregulation and viral tropism after neonatal roseolovirus infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Serum Interleukin-36 in Pityriasis Rosea: A Potential Biomarker for Disease Severity.The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology · 2023Article
- Pellino1 Restricts Herpes Simplex Virus Infections in the Epidermis and Dissemination to Sebaceous Glands.The Journal of investigative dermatology · 2023Article
- Article
- "Input/output cytokines" in epidermal keratinocytes and the involvement in inflammatory skin diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Management of Infections in Psoriatic Patients Treated with Systemic Therapies: A Lesson from the Immunopathogenesis of Psoriasis.Dermatology practical & conceptual · 2023Review
- Interleukin-36γ is causative for liver damage upon infection with Rift Valley fever virus in type I interferon receptor-deficient mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The functions of the IL-36 cytokines remain poorly understood. We report a previously unrecognized mechanism whereby IL-36 promotes innate antiviral immunity in mouse and human models of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infections. HSV-1 actively suppresses production of type I interferon (IFN); our data reveal that IL-36 overcomes this immune evasion strategy by increasing cellular sensitivity to IFN. IL-36β deficient mice display impaired IFN responses and poorly restrict viral replication in skin keratinocytes. In mouse and human keratinocytes IL-36 elicits an antiviral state driven by STAT1 and STAT2 via enhanced expression of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 subunits of the type I IFN receptor. The degree of IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) involvement is species dependent, with IRF1 playing a more prominent role in human cells. Similar mechanisms are activated by IL-1. Overall, IL-36 acts as an antiviral cytokine by potentiating type I IFN signaling and thereby upholds immune responses to viruses that limit the production of IFNs.
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