ReviewFrontiers in cellular neuroscience2019
The Evolving Concept of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB): From a Single Static Barrier to a Heterogeneous and Dynamic Relay Center.
Review in Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 127 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Review
- From Polyphenols to Prodrugs: Bridging the Blood-Brain Barrier with Nanomedicine and Neurotherapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Brain capillary endothelial-like cells show altered barrier functionality and reduced transport of amyloid β in late-onset Alzheimer disease.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Article
- Notch signaling activation reduces vesicular endocytosis in human pluripotent stem cell-derived CNS-like endothelial cells.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Article
- Substrate stiffness and cellular microenvironment regulate cell and junction mechanics in iPSC-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Effect of aging and Varroa parasitism on the paracellular and transcellular permeability of the honeybee blood-brain barrier.PloS one · 2026Article
- Brain neurovascular unit in response to intra- and extra-central nervous system cancers: implications, mechanisms, and challenges.Cancer cell international · 2025Review
- Targeting Ischemic Stroke with Neural Stem Cells: Insights into Endogenous Repair Mechanisms, Biomaterial-Based Delivery, and Exosome Therapies.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Real-time single-vessel analysis reveals vascular-type-dependent blood-brain barrier dysfunction in rodent models of status epilepticus and neuroinflammation.Neurophotonics · 2025Article
- Ligand-Receptor Analysis of Brain Cell Type Marker Data Reveals Intricate Endothelial Interaction.Annals of neurosciences · 2025Article
- Neuronal Damage in Murine Experimental Cerebral Malaria, Implications for Neuronal Repair and Sequelae.Cells · 2025Article
- Identification of Cell Fate Determining Transcription Factors for Generating Brain Endothelial Cells.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2025Article
- Understanding glucose metabolism and insulin action at the blood-brain barrier: Implications for brain health and neurodegenerative diseases.Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) · 2025Review
- The Crucial Role of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Mechanisms of Disruption and Therapeutic Implications.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Lipid-based Nanomedicine for Alzheimer's Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Advances.Pharmaceutical nanotechnology · 2025Review
- Advancing through the blood-brain barrier: mechanisms, challenges and drug delivery strategies.ADMET & DMPK · 2025Review
- iPSC-derived blood-brain barrier modeling reveals APOE isoform-dependent interactions with amyloid beta.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2024Article
- Therapeutic efficacy of intracerebral hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Role of inflammatory cytokine burst in neuro-invasion of Japanese Encephalitis virus infection: an immunotherapeutic approaches.Journal of neurovirology · 2024Review
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) helps maintain a tightly regulated microenvironment for optimal central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis and facilitates communications with the peripheral circulation. The brain endothelial cells, lining the brain's vasculature, maintain close interactions with surrounding brain cells, e.g., astrocytes, pericytes and perivascular macrophages. This function facilitates critical intercellular crosstalk, giving rise to the concept of the neurovascular unit (NVU). The steady and appropriate communication between all components of the NVU is essential for normal CNS homeostasis and function, and dysregulation of one of its constituents can result in disease. Among the different brain regions, and along the vascular tree, the cellular composition of the NVU varies. Therefore, differential cues from the immediate vascular environment can affect BBB phenotype. To support the fluctuating metabolic and functional needs of the underlying neuropil, a specialized vascular heterogeneity is required. This is achieved by variances in barrier function, expression of transporters, receptors, and adhesion molecules. This mini-review will take you on a journey through evolving concepts surrounding the BBB, the NVU and beyond. Exploring classical experiments leading to new approaches will allow us to understand that the BBB is not merely a static separation between the brain and periphery but a closely regulated and interactive entity. We will discuss shifting paradigms, and ultimately aim to address the importance of BBB endothelial heterogeneity with regard to the function of the BBB within the NVU, and touch on its implications for different neuropathologies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.