ArticleNutrients2019
Associations of Meal Timing and Frequency with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adults.
Article in Nutrients, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 118 citations in OpenAlex.
- The cross-sectional and prospective associations between time-restricted eating and cardiometabolic health in community-dwelling adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- A data-driven trajectory analysis reveals associations between temporal patterns of within-day energy intake and mortality risk in U.S. adults: NHANES 2005-2018.European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Association between chrononutrition patterns and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in adolescents: a population-based study.Eating and weight disorders : EWD · 2026Article
- Breakfast Skipping and Elevated Neck Circumference Are Independently Associated with Newly Diagnosed Dyslipidemia in Adults Without Diabetes.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Timing of food intake, chrononutritional behavior patterns, and risk of metabolic syndrome in the French NutriNet-Santé cohort.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Beyond calories: the effect of meal patterns on obesity risk in the IRanian National Obesity Registry.Journal of cardiovascular and thoracic research · 2026Article
- Associations between Meal Timing and Frequency and Obesity among Adults in Jeju, Republic of Korea.Preventive nutrition and food science · 2026Article
- Circadian and temporal eating patterns in relation to metabolic syndrome in Iranian women.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Chrononutrition behaviors in relation to diet quality and obesity: do dietary assessment methods and energy intake misreporting matter?Nutrition journal · 2025Article
- Mediating effects of waist circumference and BMI on the association between meal frequency and mortality.Public health nutrition · 2025Article
- Scoping review protocol: The chrononutrition factors in association with glycemic outcomes in adult population.PloS one · 2025Article
- Circadian Deregulation: Back Facing the Sun Toward Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) Development.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Associations between temporal eating patterns and energy distribution patterns with gallstones: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES 2017-2018.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Chrononutrition and Cardiometabolic Health: An Overview of Epidemiological Evidence and Key Future Research Directions.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Dietary and serum antioxidant capacity is inversely associated with patients in osteoarthritis: a case-control study.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2024Article
- The association between dietary meal intake habits and coronary artery stenosis and cardio-metabolic risk factors.BMC nutrition · 2024Article
- Feasibility and Cardiometabolic Effects of Time-Restricted Eating in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Assessment of Adolescents' Overweight and Obesity Risk Factors Among Alabnaa Schools in Tabuk City, Saudi Arabia.Cureus · 2024Article
- Associations of meal timing and sleep duration with incidence of obesity: a prospective cohort study.The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2024Article
- The effects of meal patterns on liver steatosis, fibrosis, and biochemical factors in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled clinical trial.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Emerging studies indicate that meal timing is linked to cardiometabolic risks by deterioration of circadian rhythms, however limited evidence is available in humans. This large-scale cross-sectional study explored the associations of meal timing and frequency with obesity and metabolic syndrome among Korean adults. Meal timing was defined as nightly fasting duration and morning, evening, and night eating, and meal frequency was estimated as the number of daily eating episodes using a single-day 24-hour dietary recall method. Meal frequency was inversely associated with prevalence of abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, and elevated triglycerides in men only. Independent of the nightly fasting duration and eating episodes, morning eating was associated with a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome (odds ratio (OR), 0.73; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.57-0.93 for men and OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.54-0.89 for women) than no morning eating, whereas night eating was associated with a 48% higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.15-1.90) than no night eating in men only. Longer fasting duration and less sleep were associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. These findings suggest that overall eating patterns, including energy distribution across the day, eating frequency, and sleep duration, rather than fasting duration alone, are related to cardiometabolic risks in free-living Korean adults.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.