ReviewClinical drug investigation2020
Targeting Hormones for Improving Cognition in Major Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia: Thyroid Hormones and Prolactin.
Review in Clinical drug investigation, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Peripheral Biomarkers of Anorexia Nervosa: A Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2024Pooled it
- Thyroid hormones and cognitive function in chronic schizophrenia: a large-scale cross-sectional study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Assessing the effects of linseed consumption on thyroid hormones and hepatic toxicity in rats drenched with Cordarone overdose.Open veterinary journal · 2026Article
- Mix effect of prolactin on cognitive performance in patients with schizophrenia.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2025Article
- When Your Body Tells You to Not Breastfeed-The Connivance of Oxytocin, Prolactin, and Dopamine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Exploring the interaction effects of subclinical hypothyroidism and major depressive disorder on brain networks.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Circulating thyroid hormones and metabolites in children with autism spectrum disorder.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Psychotic symptoms in Chinese adolescent patients with major depressive disorder: prevalence and related endocrine clinical factors.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Gender differences in clinical and biochemical parameters among patients hospitalized for schizophrenia: towards precision medicine.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2024Article
- Association among abnormal glycolipids, reproductive hormones, and cognitive dysfunction in female patients with bipolar disorder.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Article
- Thyroid dysfunction in young, first-episode and drug-naïve patients with major depressive disorder: prevalence and associated clinical factors.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Gray matter reduction is associated with cognitive dysfunction in depressed patients comorbid with subclinical hypothyroidism.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Article
- Thyroid functions in patients with hypochondriasis.Northern clinics of Istanbul · 2022Article
- Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and major depressive disorder.Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2021Review
- Absence of Longer Reorientation Times in Patients Undergoing Electroconvulsive Therapy and Concomitant Treatment with Lithium.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2021Article
- Patterns of Thyroid Hormone Prescription in Patients with Bipolar or Schizoaffective Disorder: Findings from the LiSIE Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- The thyroid hormone levels and glucose and lipid metabolism in children with type 1 diabetes: a correlation analysis.Translational pediatrics · 2021Article
- Free Thyroxine Concentrations Moderate the Response to a Cognitive Remediation Therapy in People With Early Psychosis: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are a core feature of serious mental illnesses such as major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and are a common cause of functional disability. However, the efficacy of pharmacological interventions for improving the cognitive deficits in these disorders is limited. As pro-cognitive pharmacological treatments are lacking, we aimed to review whether thyroid hormones or drugs that target prolactin may become potential candidates for 'repurposing' trials aiming to improve cognition. We conducted a narrative review focused on thyroid hormones and prolactin as potential targets for improving cognition in major mood disorders or schizophrenia. The role of thyroid hormones and prolactin on cognitive processes in non-psychiatric populations was also reviewed. Although clinical trials regarding these hormones are lacking, particularly in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or major depression, there is evidence from observational studies for the contribution of these hormones to cognitive processes. Patients with bipolar disorder and subclinical hypothyroidism show poorer cognitive function than euthyroid patients. In patients with early psychosis, lower free thyroxine concentrations have been associated with poorer attention whereas increased prolactin levels have been associated with poorer speed of processing. Only two small clinical trials tested the potential pro-cognitive effects of thyroid hormones, with positive findings for triiodothyronine (T3) treatment in patients receiving lithium or electroconvulsive therapy. In sum, thyroid hormones and prolactin might contribute to the cognitive performance of patients with major mood disorders and psychotic disorders. Thyroid hormones and prolactin-lowering drugs (e.g. cabergoline, aripiprazole) are candidate drugs to be tested in repurposing clinical trials aiming to improve the cognitive abilities of patients with major mood disorder and schizophrenia.
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