ReviewTobacco control2020
Development of a tobacco 21 policy assessment tool and state-level analysis in the USA, 2015-2019.
Review in Tobacco control, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Can States Continue to Set the Agenda for Tobacco 21? Insights From US News Coverage Between 2012 and 2020.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Pooled it
- Minimum Legal Sales Age for e-Cigarettes: a Qualitative Study on the Implementation of Model Policy Components.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- Associations between county-level e-cigarette-inclusive Tobacco 21 law population coverage and e-cigarette use behaviors among United States adolescents in Monitoring the Future.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Associations between tobacco 21 and state flavour restrictions with young adult tobacco use.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- #Discreetshipping: Selling E-cigarettes on TikTok.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Preventing and addressing youth vaping in British Columbia, Canada: Evidence from triangulation of a scoping review of vaping policy and qualitative interviews with school-aged youth.Preventive medicine reports · 2025Review
- How adolescent tobacco use has responded to state tobacco 21 laws and flavor restrictions.The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse · 2025Article
- Online Interest in Elf Bar in the United States: Google Health Trends Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Article
- Public Perception of the Tobacco 21 Amendment on Twitter in the United States: Observational Study.JMIR infodemiology · 2024Observational
- A review of the landscape of state Tobacco 21 laws: Key components, research challenges, and future directions.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2024Article
- Tobacco 21 Laws and Youth Tobacco Use: The Role of Policy Attributes.American journal of public health · 2024Article
- Research on the identification and evolution of health industry policy instruments in China.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Miscommunication about the US federal Tobacco 21 law: a content analysis of Twitter discussions.Tobacco control · 2023Article
- Rates of Age Verification for Cigarette and E-cigarette Purchases as a Function of State T21 Laws Before and After Implementation of the Federal T21 Law in the United States.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Article
- Preemption in State Tobacco Minimum Legal Sales Age Laws in the US, 2022: A Policy Analysis of State Statutes and Case Laws.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Assessing the Effectiveness of Tobacco 21 Laws to Reduce Underage Access to Tobacco: Protocol for a Repeated Multi-Site Study.Methods and protocols · 2023Article
- Strengthening Tobacco 21 implementation and enforcement to reduce tobacco-related health disparities: A stakeholder engagement project.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2023Article
- Using place-based characteristics to inform FDA tobacco sales inspections: results from a multilevel propensity score model.Tobacco control · 2022Article
- State T21, Restrictions on Flavored E-Cigarette Products, and Non-Medical Cannabis Sales Legalization in Relation to Young Adult Reports of Vape Shop Age Verification and Product Offerings: A Multilevel Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Associations of California's Tobacco 21 Minimum Sales Age Law with Tobacco Use Among Sexual Minority Adolescents: A Trends Analysis.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivePolicies raising the minimum legal sales age (MLSA) of tobacco products to 21 are commonly referred to as tobacco 21. This study sought to identify components of tobacco 21 policies and develop an instrument to examine policy language within 16 state laws adopted by July 2019.
methodsThe multistage tool development process began with a review of established literature and existing tobacco 21 policies. In a series of meetings, tobacco control experts identified key policy components used to develop an initial tool. After testing and revisions, the instrument was used to code the existing tobacco 21 state-level policies. Inter-rater reliability (κ=0.70) was measured and discrepancies were discussed until consensus was met. Policy component frequencies were reported by state.
resultsWhile all 16 states raised the MLSA to 21, the laws varied widely. Two laws omitted purchaser identification requirements. Fifteen laws mentioned enforcement would include inspections, but only three provided justification for conducting inspections. All 16 states provided a penalty structure for retailer/clerk violations, but penalties ranged considerably. Fourteen states required a tobacco retail licence, nine renewed annually. Six laws contained a military exemption, five were phased-in and 10 contained purchase, use or possession laws, which penalised youth. Four states introduced or expanded pre-emption of local tobacco control.
conclusionsThe instrument developed is the first to examine policy components within state-level tobacco 21 laws. Policies that include negative components or omit positive components may not effectively prevent retailers from selling to youth, which could result in less effective laws.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.