ReviewJournal of Parkinson's disease2019
The Appendix in Parkinson's Disease: From Vestigial Remnant to Vital Organ?
Review in Journal of Parkinson's disease, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gut-brain axis dysregulation in Parkinson's disease: Mechanisms linking microbiota to neuroinflammation and α-synuclein pathology.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2026Review
- Appendix in ulcerative colitis pathogenesis and therapy: An updated narrative review.World journal of gastrointestinal pathophysiology · 2026Review
- Multiomic Analysis Reveals Molecular Pathways Associated with Intestinal Aggregation of α-Synuclein.ACS chemical biology · 2026Article
- Neurodegeneration as Ecosystem Failure: A New Paradigm for Prevention and Treatment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The association between history of appendectomy and gut microbiota composition: a follow-up cross-sectional study.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- The Impact of Microbiota on the Gut-Brain Axis: Examining the Complex Interplay and Implications.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Different pieces of the same puzzle: a multifaceted perspective on the complex biological basis of Parkinson's disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2023Review
- Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Diseases and the Gut-Brain Axis: The Potential of Therapeutic Targeting of the Microbiome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Appendix and Ulcerative Colitis: a Key to Explaining the Pathogenesis and Directing Novel Therapies?Inflammatory bowel diseases · 2023Review
- The gastrointestinal tract and Parkinson's disease.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Review
- The microbiome-gut-brain axis in Parkinson disease - from basic research to the clinic.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2022Review
- 2021 Workshop: Neurodegenerative Diseases in the Gut-Brain Axis-Parkinson's Disease.Gastroenterology · 2022Article
- Movement Disorders and the Gut: A Review.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2022Review
- Environmental triggers of Parkinson's disease - Implications of the Braak and dual-hit hypotheses.Neurobiology of disease · 2022Review
- Fat and Protein Combat Triggers Immunological Weapons of Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems to Launch Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Patients withWorld journal of gastrointestinal surgery · 2021Article
- The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson's Disease.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Is Associated with Elevated Bile Acids in Parkinson's Disease.Metabolites · 2021Article
- Appendectomy Is Associated With Alteration of Human Gut Bacterial and Fungal Communities.Frontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) has long been considered a brain disease, but studies now point to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract as a potential starting point for PD. In particular, the human vermiform appendix has been implicated in PD. The appendix is a tissue rich in immune cells, serving as part of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue and as a storehouse for the gut microbiome. The functions of the appendix converge with recent evidence demonstrating that gut inflammation and shifts in the microbiome are linked to PD. Some epidemiological studies have linked removal of the appendix to lowered PD risk, though there is controversy among these associations. What is apparent is that there is an abundance of aggregated forms of α-synuclein in the appendix relevant to PD pathology. α-Synuclein pathology is thought to propagate from gut to brain via the vagus nerve, which innervates GI tract locations, including the appendix. Remarkably, α-synuclein aggregates in the appendix occur not only in PD patients, but are also present in healthy individuals. This has led to the proposal that in the appendix α-synuclein aggregates are not unique to PD. Moreover, the molecular events leading to PD and the mechanisms by which α-synuclein aggregates transfers from gut to brain may be identifiable in the human appendix. The influence of the appendix on GI inflammation, autoimmunity, microbiome storage, and the lymphatic system may be yet unexplored mechanisms by which the appendix contributes to PD. Overall, the appendix represents a promising tissue site to advance our understanding of PD pathobiology.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.