ReviewFrontiers in immunology2019
Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05507671 (The Role of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccine), which is not on this map. Cited by 447 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Role of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccine (BCG) in the Clinical Evolution of COVID-19 and in the Efficacy of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) Vaccines
Who cites it
447 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 684 citations in OpenAlex.
- Perioperative immune checkpoint inhibitors with or without chemotherapy versus placebo with or without chemotherapy in elderly people with localised non-small cell lung cancer.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis of age-dependent human T-lymphocyte homeostasis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors plus platinum-based chemotherapy compared to platinum-based chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab for first-line treatment of older people with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic two-sample and bidirectional MR process highlights a unidirectional genetic causal effect of allergic diseases on COVID-19 infection/severity.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Preliminary Data on the Senolytic Effects ofNutrients · 2025Trial
- Fasting-mimicking diet causes hepatic and blood markers changes indicating reduced biological age and disease risk.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- Soil-derived microbiota induces T regulatory cells and protect against mouse colitis, metabolic disease, and sepsis.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Adding anti-PD-1 antibody to definitive chemoradiotherapy in elderly patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: higher intensity does not equate to better outcomes.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Therapeutic Immune Reprogramming by Rapamycin Attenuates Plaque Inflammation and Lymphoid Immune Responses in Aged Atherosclerotic Mice.Aging cell · 2026Article
- Climate Change-Mediated Temperature Extremes: Effects on the Immune System and Associations with Immune-Related Diseases.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- The long-lived immune system of centenarians.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
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- Review
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- Behavioral and molecular characterization of fatigue-like manifestations triggered by acute restraint stress and LPS or saline.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Christensenella minuta DSM 22607 and Food Restriction Manage Age-Related Disorders In Vivo.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- Immune-inflammatory vulnerability index for risk stratification in older adults with acute exacerbations of COPD: a prospective cohort study.BMC geriatrics · 2026Observational
- Cross-reactive antibody and T-cell responses after influenza virus infection in community-dwelling older adults.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Article
- Geroprotective applications of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol through the hallmarks of ageing.GeroScience · 2026Review
387 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by remodeling of the immune system. With time, this leads to a decline in immune efficacy, resulting in increased vulnerability to infectious diseases, diminished responses to vaccination, and a susceptibility to age-related inflammatory diseases. An age-associated immune alteration, extensively reported in previous studies, is the reduction in the number of peripheral blood naïve cells, with a relative increase in the frequency of memory cells. These two alterations, together with inflamm-aging, are considered the hallmarks of immunosenescence. Because aging is a plastic process, it is influenced by both nutritional and pharmacological interventions. Therefore, the role of nutrition and of immunomodulation in immunosenescence is discussed, due to the multifactorial influence on these hallmarks. The close connection between nutrition, intake of bioactive nutrients and supplements, immune function, and inflammation demonstrate the key role of dietary strategies as regulators of immune response and inflammatory status, hence as possible modulators of the rate of immunosenescence. In addition, potential options for therapeutic intervention are clarified. In particular, the use of interleukin-7 as growth factor for naïve T cells, the function of checkpoint inhibitors in improving T cell responses during aging and, the potential of drugs that inhibit mitogen-activated protein kinases and their interaction with nutrient signaling pathways are discussed. Finally, it is suggested that the inclusion of appropriate combinations of toll-like receptor agonists may enhance the efficacy of vaccination in older adults.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.