ArticlePloS one2019
Burden of treatment-resistant depression in Medicare: A retrospective claims database analysis.
Article in PloS one, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 21 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Is the antidepressant efficacy of ketamine and esketamine mediated via opioid mechanisms?European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2026Pooled it
- Respiratory disease in people with major depressive disorder: A systematic review and Meta-analysis.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Pooled it
- Non-invasive brain stimulation combined with psychosocial intervention for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Host-microbiome relationship in depression: can human induced pluripotent stem cells play a role in unravelling mechanisms?NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2025Review
- Impact analysis of expanded access to ketamine for treatment-resistant depression.Journal of comparative effectiveness research · 2025Article
- Article
- Longitudinal associations between psychological factors, community integration, and suicide risks among patients with treatment-resistant depression in Vietnam.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Genetic Correlates of Treatment-Resistant Depression: Insights from Polygenic Scores Across Cognitive, Temperamental, and Sleep Traits in the All of US cohort.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Effects of Subchronic Buspirone Treatment on Depressive Profile in Socially Isolated Rats: Implication of Early Life Experience on 5-HT1A Receptor-Related Depression.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Pharmacogenomic profiling of the South Korean population: Insights and implications for personalized medicine.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- A Review of Therapeutics for Treatment-Resistant Depression in the Older Adult.Drugs & aging · 2023Review
- Study to determine the epidemiology of treatment-resistant depression among the Saudi Arabian population: A cross-sectional study.Journal of education and health promotion · 2023Article
- Healthcare utilization, costs, and productivity losses in treatment-resistant depression in Finland - a matched cohort study.BMC psychiatry · 2022Article
- Efficiently identifying individuals at high risk for treatment resistance in major depressive disorder using electronic health records.Journal of affective disorders · 2022Article
- Mortality-causing mechanisms and healthcare resource utilisation of treatment-resistant depression: A six-year population-based cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2022Article
- Prevalence and Impact of Treatment-Resistant Depression in Latin America: a Prospective, Observational Study.The Psychiatric quarterly · 2021Observational
- Evaluation of population-level pharmacogenetic actionability in Alabama.Clinical and translational science · 2021Article
- The Increasing Economic Burden with Additional Steps of Pharmacotherapy in Major Depressive Disorder.PharmacoEconomics · 2021Article
- Correction: Burden of treatment-resistant depression in Medicare: A retrospective claims database analysis.PloS one · 2021Article
- Economic Burden of Treatment-Resistant Depression in Privately Insured U.S. Patients with Physical Conditions.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPrevious studies have assessed the incremental economic burden of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) versus non-treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (i.e., non-TRD MDD) in commercially-insured and Medicaid-insured patients, but none have focused on Medicare-insured patients.
objectiveTo assess healthcare resource utilization (HRU) and costs of patients with TRD versus non-TRD MDD or without major depressive disorder (MDD; i.e., non-MDD) in a Medicare-insured population.
methodsAdult patients were retrospectively identified from the Chronic Condition Warehouse de-identified 100% Medicare database (01/2010-12/2016). MDD was defined as ≥1 MDD diagnosis and ≥1 claim for an antidepressant. Patients initiated on a third antidepressant following two antidepressant treatment regimens of adequate dose and duration were considered to have TRD. The index date was defined as the date of the first antidepressant claim for the TRD and non-TRD MDD cohorts, and as a randomly imputed date for the non-MDD cohort. Patients with TRD were matched 1:1 to non-TRD MDD patients and randomly selected non-MDD patients based on propensity scores. Analyses were also performed for a subset of patients aged ≥65.
resultsOf 29,543 patients with MDD, 3,225 (10.9%) met the study definition of TRD; 157,611 were included in the non-MDD cohort. Matched patients with TRD and non-TRD MDD were, on average, 58.9 and 59.0 years old, respectively. The TRD cohort had higher per-patient-per-year (PPPY) HRU than the non-TRD MDD (e.g., inpatient visits: incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.36) and non-MDD cohorts (e.g., inpatient visits: IRR = 1.84, all P<0.001). The TRD cohort had significantly higher total PPPY healthcare costs than the non-TRD MDD cohort ($25,517 vs. $20,425, adjusted cost difference = $3,385) and non-MDD cohort ($25,517 vs. $14,542, adjusted cost difference = $4,015, all P<0.001). Similar results were found for the subset of patients ≥65.
conclusionAmong Medicare-insured patients, those with TRD had higher HRU and costs compared to those with non-TRD MDD and non-MDD.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.