Trial reportThe American journal of clinical nutrition2019
A ketone monoester drink reduces the glycemic response to an oral glucose challenge in individuals with obesity: a randomized trial.
Trial report in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 46 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effect of Exogenous Ketone Monoester Supplement on Glycemic Response to an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Exogenous Ketone Ester Supplementation in ICU Delirium (KETONES ICU)
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 87 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Effects of Exogenous Ketone Supplementation on Blood Glucose: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022Pooled it
- Acute 1,3-Butanediol Co-Ingestion with Carbohydrate Does Not Improve Endurance Performance in Chronically Ketogenic Male Athletes.Nutrients · 2026Trial
- Influence of exogenous ketosis on spontaneous cardiovagal baroreflex gain and blood pressure responses to isometric handgrip in individuals with metabolic syndrome: a placebo-controlled pilot study.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Trial
- Exploratory functional and quality of life outcomes with daily consumption of the ketone ester bis-octanoyl (R)-1,3-butanediol in healthy older adults: a randomized, parallel arm, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.The Journal of frailty & aging · 2025Trial
- Effects of acute ketone monoester ingestion on heart rate, blood pressure and muscle sympathetic nerve activity at rest and stress in healthy adults.Physiological reports · 2025Trial
- Daily consumption of ketone ester, bis-octanoyl (R)-1,3-butanediol, is safe and tolerable in healthy older adults in a randomized, parallel arm, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study.The journal of nutrition, health & aging · 2024Trial
- A ketone monoester drink reduces postprandial blood glucose concentrations in adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial.Diabetologia · 2024Trial
- Tolerability and Acceptability of an Exogenous Ketone Monoester and Ketone Monoester/Salt Formulation in Humans.Nutrients · 2023Trial
- Effect of acute ketosis on lipid profile in prediabetes: findings from a cross-over randomized controlled trial.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2022Trial
- Exogenous ketosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: Safety, tolerability and effect on glycaemic control.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2021Trial
- Tolerability and Safety of a Novel Ketogenic Ester, Bis-Hexanoyl (R)-1,3-Butanediol: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Adults.Nutrients · 2021Trial
- Ingestion of an exogenous ketone monoester improves the glycemic response during oral glucose tolerance test in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance: A cross-over randomized trial.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2021Trial
- 14-Day Ketone Supplementation Lowers Glucose and Improves Vascular Function in Obesity: A Randomized Crossover Trial.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2021Trial
- Effect of Oral Ketone Body Intake on Human CD8Nutrients · 2026Article
- Review
- Potential therapeutic benefit of exogenous ketone ester administration in delirium: a narrative review.Critical care (London, England) · 2025Review
- Divergent Hepatic Outcomes of Chronic Ketone Supplementation: Ketone Salts Preserve Liver Health While Ketone Esters and Precursors Drive Inflammation and Steatosis.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Ketone metabolites in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease progression: optimizing keto-therapeutic strategies.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Review
- Ketones and Insulin: A Paradoxical Interplay With Implications for Glucose Metabolism.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundExogenous ketones make it possible to reach a state of ketosis that may improve metabolic control in humans.
objectivesThe main objective of this study was to determine whether the ingestion of a ketone monoester (KE) drink before a 2-h oral-glucose-tolerance test (OGTT) would lower blood glucose concentrations. Secondary objectives were to determine the impact of KE on nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration and glucoregulatory hormones.
methodsWe conducted a randomized controlled crossover experiment in 15 individuals with obesity (mean ± SD age: 47 ± 10 y; BMI: 34 ± 5 kg/m2). After an overnight fast, participants consumed a KE drink [(R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate; 0.45 mL/kg body weight] or taste-matched control drink 30 min before completing a 75-g OGTT. Participants and study personnel performing laboratory analyses were blinded to each condition.
resultsThe KE increased d-β-hydroxybutyrate to a maximum of ∼3.4 mM (P < 0.001) during the OGTT. Compared with the control drink, KE reduced glucose (-11%, P = 0.002), NEFA (-21%, P = 0.009), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (-31%, P = 0.001) areas under the curve (AUCs), whereas glucagon AUC increased (+11%, P = 0.030). No differences in triglyceride, C-peptide, and insulin AUCs were observed after the KE drink. Mean arterial blood pressure decreased and heart rate increased after the KE drink (both P < 0.01).
conclusionsA KE drink consumed before an OGTT lowered glucose and NEFA AUCs with no increase in circulating insulin. Our results suggest that a single drink of KE may acutely improve metabolic control in individuals with obesity. Future research is warranted to examine whether KE could be used safely to have longer-term effects on metabolic control. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03461068.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.