ArticleRoyal Society open science2019
Wolf-like or dog-like? A comparison of gazing behaviour across three dog breeds tested in their familiar environments.
Article in Royal Society open science, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Showing Behaviour in One Hundred and One Dogs: Gazing, Breed and Cephalic Index.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Natural Born Detourers Modern Utility Dog Breeds Show Ancestry-Based Superiority in Social Learning Capacity in a Detour Task.Evolutionary applications · 2025Article
- Dogs' Gazing Behavior to Humans Is Related to Their Liveliness, Aggressiveness, and the Emotional Comfort They Provide.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Behavioural differences and similarities between dog breeds: proposing an ecologically valid approach for canine behavioural research.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2025Review
- Rank-Related Differences in Dogs' Behaviours in Frustrating Situations.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Cooperative but Dependent-Functional Breed Selection in Dogs Influences Human-Directed Gazing in a Difficult Object-Manipulation Task.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Ethical Concerns about Fashionable Dog Breeding.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Review
- When the owner does not know: comparing puppies and adult dogs' showing behavior.Animal cognition · 2023Article
- Eye contact and sociability data suggests that Australian dingoes were never domesticated.Current zoology · 2022Article
- Disentangling help-seeking and giving up: differential human-directed gazing by dogs in a modified unsolvable task paradigm.Animal cognition · 2022Article
- Breed group differences in the unsolvable problem task: herding dogs prefer their owner, while solitary hunting dogs seek stranger proximity.Animal cognition · 2022Article
- A review of the unsolvable task in dog communication and cognition: comparing different methodologies.Animal cognition · 2021Review
- Shorter headed dogs, visually cooperative breeds, younger and playful dogs form eye contact faster with an unfamiliar human.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Intraspecific Motor and Emotional Alignment in Dogs and Wolves: The Basic Building Blocks of Dog-Human Affective Connectedness.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2020Review
- Back to the Future: A Glance Over Wolf Social Behavior to Understand Dog-Human Relationship.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2019Review
- Wolf-like or dog-like? A comparison of gazing behaviour across three dog breeds tested in their familiar environments.Royal Society open science · 2019Article
- Free-Ranging Dogs Are Capable of Utilizing Complex Human Pointing Cues.Frontiers in psychology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Human-directed gazing, a keystone in dog-human communication, has been suggested to derive from both domestication and breed selection. The influence of genetic similarity to wolves and selective pressures on human-directed gazing is still under debate. Here, we used the 'unsolvable task' to compare Czechoslovakian Wolfdogs (CWDs, a close-to-wolf breed), German Shepherd Dogs (GSDs) and Labrador Retrievers (LRs). In the 'solvable task', all dogs learned to obtain the reward; however, differently from GSDs and LRs, CWDs rarely gazed at humans. In the 'unsolvable task', CWDs gazed significantly less towards humans compared to LRs but not to GSDs. Although all dogs were similarly motivated to explore the apparatus, CWDs and GSDs spent a larger amount of time in manipulating it compared to LRs. A clear difference emerged in gazing at the experimenter versus owner. CWDs gazed preferentially towards the experimenter (the unfamiliar subject manipulating the food), GSDs towards their owners and LRs gazed at humans independently from their level of familiarity. In conclusion, it emerges that the artificial selection operated on CWDs produced a breed more similar to ancient breeds (more wolf-like due to a less-intense artificial selection) and not very human-oriented. The next step is to clarify GSDs' behaviour and better understand the genetic role of this breed in shaping CWDs' heterospecific behaviour.
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