ReviewNature reviews. Rheumatology2019
Nonendocrine mechanisms of sex bias in rheumatic diseases.
Review in Nature reviews. Rheumatology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex steroids and autoimmune rheumatic diseases: state of the art.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2020Pooled it
- Machine learning improves online self-referral for inflammatory rheumatic diseases: a registry-based validation study.Rheumatology international · 2026Article
- Trends of cause-specific cardiovascular disease mortality in China, 2009-2019: a nationwide longitudinal study.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- An essential role for TASL in mouse autoimmune pathogenesis and Toll-like receptor signaling.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Extrafollicular CD19Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2024Article
- Postpartum onset anti-MDA5 antibody-positive clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis; case-based review of perinatal onset anti-MDA5 antibody-positive dermatomyositis.Rheumatology international · 2024Review
- Sex difference in human diseases: mechanistic insights and clinical implications.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- DNA methylation profiling of labial salivary gland tissues revealed hypomethylation of B-cell-related genes in primary Sjögren's syndrome.Immunologic research · 2024Article
- Sex Bias in Diagnostic Delay: Are Axial Spondyloarthritis and Ankylosing Spondylitis Still Phantom Diseases in Women? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Review
- Low copy numbers of complementAnnals of the rheumatic diseases · 2023Article
- Impact of puberty, sex determinants and chronic inflammation on cardiovascular risk in young people.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2023Review
- What is the impact of sex hormones on the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis?Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
- Selenium Deficiency Due to Diet, Pregnancy, Severe Illness, or COVID-19-A Preventable Trigger for Autoimmune Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Perspectives and Challenges in the Fight Against COVID-19: The Role of Genetic Variability.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Review
- Sjögren's Syndrome: The Clinical Spectrum of Male Patients.Journal of clinical medicine · 2020Article
- Review
- The contribution of epigenetics to the pathogenesis and gender dimorphism of systemic sclerosis: a comprehensive overview.Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Rheumatic diseases affect a wide range of individuals of all ages, but the most common diseases occur more frequently in women than in men, at ratios of up to ten women to one man. Despite a growing number of studies on sex bias in rheumatic diseases, sex-specific health care is limited and sex specificity is not systematically integrated into treatment regimens. Women and men differ in three major biological points: the number of X chromosomes per cell, the type and quantities of sex hormones present and the ability to be pregnant, all of which have immunological consequences. Could a greater understanding of these differences lead to a new era of personalized sex-specific medicine? This Review focuses on the main genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that have been put forward to explain sex bias in rheumatic diseases, including X chromosome inactivation, sex chromosome aneuploidy and microchimerism. The influence of sex hormones is not discussed in detail in this Review, as it has been well described elsewhere. Understanding the sex-specific factors that contribute to the initiation and progression of rheumatic diseases will enable progress to be made in the diagnosis, treatment and management of all patients with these conditions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.