ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2019
Selecting behaviour change priorities for trachoma 'F' and 'E' interventions: A formative research study in Oromia, Ethiopia.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Randomised Trial of Three Face-Washing Methods for the Removal of Chlamydia trachomatis From the Faces of Children With Severe Active Trachoma.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2026Trial
- Maternal Perceptions and Practices in Trachoma Prevention: A Descriptive and Correlational Analysis Using the Health Belief Model in Rural Ethiopia.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Trachoma Prevalence and Associated WASH and Behavioral Risk Among Rural Communities of North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of tropical medicine · 2026Article
- Translating Formative Research into Intervention Content: Experiences with Face Washing for Trachoma Control in Rural Ethiopia.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Impact of a School Trachoma Program Emphasizing Facial Cleanliness and Environmental Improvement in Amhara, Ethiopia.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2024Article
- Determinants of active trachoma among rural children aged 1-9 years old in Aw-Bare Wereda, Somali Region of Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2024Article
- Comparison of metrics for assessing face washing behaviour for trachoma control.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Motivating school communities towards behavior change and local ownership: a gamification intervention to prevent trachoma at primary schools in southern Ethiopia.International health · 2023Article
- Trachoma risk factors in Oromia Region, Ethiopia.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Prevalence of active trachoma infection and associated factors post-war resettled population in raya kobo districts, North East Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study in 2022.Health science reports · 2023Article
- Trachoma prevention practice and associated factors among mothers having children aged under nine years in Andabet district, northwest Ethiopia, 2022: A multi-level analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Assessment of the status of improved F&E trachoma control practices among children of agro-pastoralists in Southern Ethiopia: a mixed design survey using theory of triadic influences.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Hygiene and the Prevention of Trachoma in the Indigenous Population of the Colombian Amazon Vaupés Department.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Exploring multi-level risk factors and post-war burdens of trachomatous trichiasis among displaced population in Raya Kobo districts, implication for urgent action.International journal of ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Behavioral Responses for Face Cleanliness Message to Prevent Trachoma Among Mothers Having Children Age 1-9 Years Old, in Fogera District, Northwest Ethiopia: An Application of Extended Parallel Process Model.International journal of general medicine · 2023Article
- Seasonal variation in water use for hygiene in Oromia, Ethiopia, and its implications for trachoma control: An intensive observational study.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Observational
- Evaluation of facial cleanliness and environmental improvement activities: Lessons learned from Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Environmental factors and hygiene behaviors associated with facial cleanliness and trachoma in Kongwa, Tanzania.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- The Lancet Global Health Commission on Global Eye Health: vision beyond 2020.The Lancet. Global health · 2021Review
- Flies as possible vectors of inflammatory trachoma transmission in a Brazilian municipality.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTrachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness. However, little is known about the behavioural and environmental determinants of transmission of the causative organism, Chlamydia trachomatis. We conducted formative research in a trachoma hyper-endemic area of Ethiopia to explore the behaviours which are likely to contribute to trachoma transmission and map their determinants. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
findingsData on water use, hygiene, defecation, and sleeping arrangements were collected from five communities during the dry and rainy seasons in 2016. Data collection involved direct observation in households (n = 20), interviews with caregivers (n = 20) and focus group discussions (n = 11). Although several behaviours that likely contribute to trachoma transmission were identified, no single behaviour stood out as the dominant contributor. Hygiene practices reflected high levels of poverty and water scarcity. Face washing and soap use varied within and between households, and were associated with other factors such as school attendance. Children's faces were rarely wiped to remove nasal or ocular discharge, which was not perceived to be socially undesirable. Bathing and laundry were performed infrequently due to the amount of time and water required. Open defecation was a normative practice, particularly for young children. Latrines, when present, were poorly constructed, maintained and used. Young children and parents slept closely together and shared bedding that was infrequently washed. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Existing norms and enabling factors in this context favour the development of interventions to improve facial cleanliness as more feasible than those that reduce unsafe faeces disposal. Interventions to increase the frequency of bathing and laundry may also be infeasible unless water availability within the home is improved.
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