ArticleBMJ open2019
Gendered relationship between HIV stigma and HIV testing among men and women in Mozambique: a cross-sectional study to inform a stigma reduction and male-targeted HIV testing intervention.
Article in BMJ open, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex Differences in HIV Testing among Older Adults in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review.BioMed research international · 2021Pooled it
- Men's comfort in distributing or receiving HIV self-test kits from close male social network members in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania: baseline results from the STEP project.BMC public health · 2021Trial
- Prevalence and determinants of being out-of-care among HIV-positive young people aged 15-24 years in Mozambique: findings from the 2021 population-based HIV impact assessment survey.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Factors influencing male involvement in maternal and child health care from the health center of Xai-Xai city, Mozambique: a cross-sectional qualitative study.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2026Article
- Epidemiological Patterns of Genital Ulcer Disease and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Among Public Clinic Attendees in Mthatha, Eastern Cape, South Africa.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- Correlates of internalized stigma and antiretroviral therapy adherence among people living with HIV in the Volta region of Ghana.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Evaluating compliance with quality indicators of HIV and AIDS clinical care and analyzing those associated with mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Progress in Early Detection of HIV in Tajikistan.Viruses · 2024Article
- Determinants of preventive sexual behaviours among first year university students in Beira city, central Mozambique: a cross-sectional study.Reproductive health · 2024Article
- Feasibility and Acceptability of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Self-Testing for Men of Middle-to-Upper Socioeconomic Status in Botswana: A Pilot Study at 4 Worksites in the Financial Sector.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Gender and stigma in antiretroviral treatment adherence in Mozambique: A qualitative study.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- High level of HIV viral suppression in a cross-sectional study of Ugandan men with urethritis and bacterial STI.International journal of STD & AIDS · 2023Article
- HIV testing and associated factors among men (15-64 years) in Eastern Africa: a multilevel analysis using the recent demographic and health survey.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Provider-Initiated HIV Testing in Puerto Rico from Data of the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance-Heterosexual Cycle (NHBS-HET) 2016: National Cross-sectional Survey.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2022Article
- Non-uptake of HIV testing among trans men and trans women: cross-sectional study of client records from 2017 to 2019 in a community-based transgender health center in Metro Manila, Philippines.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Determinants of HIV voluntary counseling and testing: a multilevel modelling of the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey.BMC women's health · 2022Article
- Article
- Socio-economic and demographic factors associated with never having tested for HIV among sexually active men across the four administrative regions of Uganda.BMC public health · 2021Article
- HIV self-testing may overcome stigma and other barriers to HIV testing among higher-socioeconomic status men in Botswana: A qualitative study.African journal of AIDS research : AJAR · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesIncreasing and sustaining engagement in HIV care for people living with HIV are critical to both individual therapeutic benefit and epidemic control. Men are less likely to test for HIV compared with women in sub-Saharan African countries, and ultimately have delayed entry to HIV care. Stigma is known to impede such engagement, placing an importance on understanding and addressing stigma to improve HIV testing and care outcomes. This study aimed to assess the gendered differences in the relationship between stigma and HIV testing. DESIGN AND
settingA cross-sectional, household probability survey was implemented between November and December 2016 in the Sofala province of Mozambique.
participantsData were restricted to men and women participants who reported no prior diagnosis of HIV infection (N=2731). MEASURES: Measures of sociodemographic characteristics, stigma and past exposure to HIV interventions were included in gender-stratified logistic regression models to estimate the relationship between stigma and recent testing for HIV, as well as to identify other relevant correlates.
resultsSignificantly fewer men (38.3%) than women (47.6%; p<0.001) had recently tested for HIV. Men who reported previous engagement in community group discussions about HIV had an increased odds of testing in the past 12 months compared to those who had not participated (adjusted OR (aOR)=1.92; 95% CI 1.51 to 2.44). Concerns about stigma were not a commonly reported barrier to HIV testing; however, men who expressed anticipated individual HIV stigma had a 35% lower odds of recent HIV testing (aOR=0.65; 95% CI 0.44 to 0.96). This association was not observed among women.
conclusionsMen have lower uptake of HIV testing in Mozambique when compared to women. Even amidst the beneficial effects of HIV messaging, individual stigma is negatively associated with recent HIV testing among men. Intervention efforts that target the unique challenges and needs of men are essential in promoting men's engagement into the HIV care continuum in sub-Saharan Africa.
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