ArticleJournal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD2019
Education Moderates the Relation Between APOE ɛ4 and Memory in Nondemented Non-Hispanic Black Older Adults.
Article in Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Beneficial Effect of Societal Factors on APOE-ε2 and ε4 Carriers' Brain Health: A Systematic Review.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Cognitive reserve and longitudinal changes in brain and cognition in semantic variant primary progressive aphasia.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Educational attainment is associated with reduced functional decline in Puerto Ricans with elevated pTau181.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2026Article
- Metabolomic signatures of cognitive function in a type 2 Diabetes-Enriched cohort.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Sex differences in APOE- and PICALM-related cognitive profiles in healthy middle-aged adults.Frontiers in aging · 2025Article
- African Ancestry Individuals with Higher Educational Attainment Are Resilient to Alzheimer's Disease Measured by pTau181.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2024Article
- "Hang Ups, Let Downs, Bad Breaks, Setbacks": Impact of Structural Socioeconomic Racism and Resilience on Cognitive Change Over Time for Persons Racialized as Black.Health equity · 2024Article
- Article
- Quantitative estimate of cognitive resilience and its medical and genetic associations.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2023Article
- Depressive Symptomatology as a Predictor of Cognitive Impairment: Evidence from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLOSA), 2006-2020.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Understanding the molecular basis of resilience to Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Review
- Bear in mind: the role of personal background in semantic animal fluency - The SMART-MR study.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Dementia risk in the general population: large-scale external validation of prediction models in the AGES-Reykjavik study.European journal of epidemiology · 2021Article
- Association Between Immune Response to Cytomegalovirus and Cognition in the Health and Retirement Study.American journal of epidemiology · 2021Article
- Amyloid PET Imaging in Self-Identified Non-Hispanic Black Participants of the Anti-Amyloid in Asymptomatic Alzheimer's Disease (A4) Study.Neurology · 2021Article
- Correlation Between Hippocampal Enlarged Perivascular Spaces and Cognition in Non-dementic Elderly Population.Frontiers in neurology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe APOEɛ4 allele is a well-known risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous research argues that higher education helps to preserve cognition in older adults with AD pathology because of its key role in cognitive reserve and resilience.
objectiveTo test if higher educational level buffers the effect of APOEɛ4 on cognition among older non-Hispanic Blacks.
methodsParticipants were 849 non-demented older non-Hispanic Blacks (38.3% APOEɛ4+), who underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. Multiple linear regression models tested the relationship between APOEɛ4 status and twelve cognitive measures with education (up to high school and beyond high school) as a moderator.
resultsEducation buffered the effects of the APOEɛ4 allele, such that there was no impact of APOEɛ4 status on word-list memory retention and working memory among participants with more than a high school degree. This pattern was not observed for ten other cognitive measures of verbal and visual episodic memory, semantic memory, executive function, and processing speed-although a similar trend was observed for switching ability in executive functioning. The buffering effect of education was stronger among women than men.
conclusionOur findings suggest that genetic effects on late-life cognition may be modified by environmental factors such as educational attainment. These results are consistent with the framework of cognitive reserve such that engaging in cognitively enriching activities and acquiring skills and knowledge with more years of education may increase the capacity to maintain cognitive function despite high genetic risk for impairment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.