ArticleEpidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)2020
Early Life Exposure to Air Pollution and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Findings from a Multisite Case-Control Study.
Article in Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- "We adjusted for race": now what? A systematic review of utilization and reporting of race in American Journal of Epidemiology and Epidemiology, 2020-2021.Epidemiologic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- A systematic review of evidence for maternal preconception exposure to outdoor air pollution on Children's health.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2023Pooled it
- Evidence of susceptibility to autism risks associated with early life ambient air pollution: A systematic review.Environmental research · 2022Pooled it
- Air pollution and autism-like traits: Sensitive periods and joint effects of exposure to sources and constituents of fine particulate matter.Environmental research · 2026Article
- Prenatal Exposure to Ambient Particulate Matter and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children, a Case Control Study in France.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Observational
- Revisiting 'environmental effects': Directions for multidisciplinary investigations of air quality and psychopathology.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2026Article
- Newborn metabolomics linking prenatal air pollution exposure and autism spectrum disorder risk in children.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Prenatal exposure to air pollution and the development of autism spectrum disorder from birth to adolescence: A nationwide Danish cohort study.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Environmental metal exposure and autism spectrum disorder: spatial analysis of exposure patterns and associated risk among children in Alabama.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2026Article
- Prenatal exposure to extreme heat and autism in children.The Science of the total environment · 2026Article
- Fine and ultrafine particulate matter components and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).Environment international · 2026Article
- Particulate Air Pollution, Disease, and Death in the Cities and Towns of Southwestern Pennsylvania.Annals of global health · 2026Article
- Association Between Prenatal Air Pollution Exposure and Autism in Children: EPINED Study.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Prevalence of Developmental, Psychiatric, and Neurologic Conditions in Older Siblings of Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder: Study to Explore Early Development.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Prenatal Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter Components and Autism Risk in Childhood.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Evaluating the efficacy of the VAMS Mitra microsampler for whole blood trace element analysis.Bioanalysis · 2025Article
- Expanding Research on Contextual Factors in Autism Research: What Took Us So Long?Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Article
- Independent and combined effects of fine particulate matter and greenness on autism spectrum disorder symptoms: investigating sensitive periods of exposure in the early two years of life.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Dysregulated metabolic pathways associated with air pollution exposure and the risk of autism: Evidence from epidemiological studies.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2024Review
- Prenatal Exposure to Source-Specific Fine Particulate Matter and Autism Spectrum Disorder.Environmental science & technology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEpidemiologic studies have reported associations between prenatal and early postnatal air pollution exposure and autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, findings differ by pollutant and developmental window.
objectivesWe examined associations between early life exposure to particulate matter ≤2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) and ozone in association with ASD across multiple US regions.
methodsOur study participants included 674 children with confirmed ASD and 855 population controls from the Study to Explore Early Development, a multi-site case-control study of children born from 2003 to 2006 in the United States. We used a satellite-based model to assign air pollutant exposure averages during several critical periods of neurodevelopment: 3 months before pregnancy; each trimester of pregnancy; the entire pregnancy; and the first year of life. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for study site, maternal age, maternal education, maternal race/ethnicity, maternal smoking, and month and year of birth.
resultsThe air pollution-ASD associations appeared to vary by exposure time period. Ozone exposure during the third trimester was associated with ASD, with an OR of 1.2 (95% CI: 1.1, 1.4) per 6.6 ppb increase in ozone. We additionally observed a positive association with PM2.5 exposure during the first year of life (OR = 1.3 [95% CI: 1.0, 1.6] per 1.6 µg/m increase in PM2.5).
conclusionsOur study corroborates previous findings of a positive association between early life air pollution exposure and ASD, and identifies a potential critical window of exposure during the late prenatal and early postnatal periods.
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