ArticlePlastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open2019
Safety and Efficacy of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in Craniofacial Surgery.
Article in Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The effectiveness of using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in the reconstruction of alveolar clefts: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in oral health · 2026Pooled it
- Effectiveness of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 in Socket Preservation: A Randomized Controlled Clinical and Sequential Human Histological Trial (BMP-2 TRIAL).Clinical and experimental dental research · 2025Trial
- Informative title: Guided bone regeneration with and without rhBMP-2: 17-year results of a randomized controlled clinical trial.Clinical oral implants research · 2022Trial
- Spatiotemporal delivery of exosomes and alendronate orchestrates osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity for osteoporotic bone regeneration.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- Horizontal Ridge Augmentation Using an rhBMP-2 Loaded Volume-Stable Collagen Matrix Compared to Guided Bone Regeneration: A Preclinical In Vivo Study.Journal of clinical periodontology · 2026Article
- Bioactive Natural Compounds: A Review of Their Integration into Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Review
- Implant Rehabilitation in Grafted Alveolar Clefts: Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes.Dentistry journal · 2026Article
- Alveolar Bone Regeneration: Smart Biomaterials and Physical Stimulation.Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials · 2026Review
- Protein-Encoding Chemically Modified mRNAs for Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration and Repair.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Review
- Advanced Strategies in the Repair of Alveolar Cleft Defects: Biological Approaches, Biomaterials, and Future Perspectives.Progress in molecular and subcellular biology · 2026Review
- Synergistic Advances in Additive Manufacturing and Surface Engineering for Polymeric Biomedical Devices.ACS polymers Au · 2025Review
- A Critical Review of Commercial Collagen-Based Scaffolds in Bone Regeneration: Functional Properties and Clinical Evidence from InfuseJournal of functional biomaterials · 2025Review
- Clinical Application of rhBMP-2 and Three-Dimensinal Preformed Titanium Mesh with Allograft and Xenograft for Peri-Implant Horizontal and Vertical Bone Augmentation-A Narrative Review with Technical Report.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- An evaluation of novel AMP2-coated electrospun composite scaffolds for intraoral bone regeneration: a proof-of-conceptFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Biomaterials-based approaches to mandibular tissue engineering: where we were, where we are, where we are going.Regenerative biomaterials · 2025Review
- Long-Term Success of Dental Implants in Atrophic Maxillae: A 3-Year Case Series Using Hydroxyapatite and L-PRF.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- In vivo validation of osteoinductivity and biocompatibility of BMP-2 enriched calcium phosphate cement alongside retrospective description of its clinical adverse events.International journal of implant dentistry · 2024Article
- Biomimetic Tissue Engineering Strategies for Craniofacial Applications.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Sinus floor augmentation using mineralized freeze-dried bone allograft combined with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2): A long-term retrospective study.Journal of dental sciences · 2024Article
- Three-Dimensional Printing Methods for Bioceramic-Based Scaffold Fabrication for Craniomaxillofacial Bone Tissue Engineering.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) is one of the most commonly used osteogenic agents in the craniofacial skeleton. This study reviews the safety and efficacy of rhBMP-2 as applied to craniofacial reconstruction and assesses the level of scientific evidence currently available.
methodsAn extensive literature search was conducted. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), case series and reports in the English language as well as Food and Drug Administration reports were reviewed. Studies were graded using the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence Scale. Data heterogeneity precluded quantitative analysis.
resultsSeventeen RCTs (Levels of evidence: Ib-IIb) were identified evaluating the use of rhBMP-2 in maxillary sinus, alveolar ridge, alveolar cleft, or cranial defect reconstruction (sample size: 7-160; age: 8-75 years). Study designs varied in rigor, with follow-up ranging 3-36 months, and outcome assessment relying on clinical exam, radiology, and/or histology. There was wide variation in rhBMP-2 concentrations, carriers, and controls. Most studies evaluating rhBMP-2 for cranial defect closure, mandibular reconstruction, or distraction osteogenesis consisted of retrospective cohorts and case reports. The evidence fails to support RhBMP-2 use in maxillary sinus wall augmentation, calvarial reconstruction, mandibular reconstruction, or distraction osteogenesis. RhBMP-2 may be effective in alveolar reconstruction in adults, but is associated with increased postoperative edema.
conclusionsA risk-benefit ratio favoring rhBMP-2 over alternative substitutes remains to be demonstrated for most applications in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Long-term data on craniofacial growth is lacking, and using rhBMP-2 in patients younger than 18 years remains off-label.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.