Observational studyChild development2020
Cognitive Stimulation as a Mechanism Linking Socioeconomic Status With Executive Function: A Longitudinal Investigation.
Observational study in Child development, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 94 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
94 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Socioeconomic status and child psychopathology in the United States: A meta-analysis of population-based studies.Clinical psychology review · 2021Pooled it
- The Relationship Between Socioeconomic Status and Scalp Event-Related Potentials: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2021Pooled it
- The Impact of Bilingualism on Executive Functions in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review Based on the PRISMA Method.Frontiers in psychology · 2020Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of partial correlations between caregiver cognitive stimulation in early childhood and child development.Psychological bulletinPooled it
- An early parenting intervention focused on enriched parent-child interactions improves effortful control in the early years of school.Child developmentTrial
- Penny for your thoughts: A review and proposed model of socioeconomic status, working memory and worry.The British journal of developmental psychology · 2026Review
- Shaping Development Through Parents: A Scalable Approach to Early Learning.Developmental science · 2026Article
- Effects of adverse childhood experiences on behavior in adolescence: Insights from brain imaging and genetic risk.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- The Dual Role of Executive Functioning in the Association Between Family Socioeconomic Status and Children's Problem Behaviors.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2026Article
- From adolescence to Alzheimer's: a neurodevelopmental lifespan model of cognitive vulnerability.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Socioeconomic factors, error positivity, and performance monitoring in children.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- Childhood Material Hardship Linked to Adolescent Neurocognition: A Computational Modeling Approach.Developmental science · 2026Article
- Keeping it together: Hourly dynamics of children's behavioral regulation at school in a decades-long cohort study.Developmental psychology · 2026Article
- Contextualizing Socioeconomic Status Effects on Adolescent Brain Structure and Cognitive Skills: Evidence From the ABCD Study.Developmental science · 2026Article
- Associations of childhood economic and psychosocial conditions with later-life cognitive function: a longitudinal analysis of the China health and retirement longitudinal study (2011-2020).BMC public health · 2026Article
- Using Machine Learning to Identify Infant and Child Environmental and Biological Predictors of Callous-Unemotional Traits.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2026Article
- Neural bias to social feedback moderates link between childhood abuse and subsequent harsh parenting.Social cognitive and affective neuroscience · 2026Article
- Behavioral outcomes of preschool children with congenital heart disease and controls.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Social Determinants of Health, the developing brain, and risk and resilience for psychopathology.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Experiences of early parenthood in and beyond the coronavirus pandemic: a qualitative study with expectant and new mothers.BMC health services research · 2025Article
34 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Executive functions (EF), including working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility, vary as a function of socioeconomic status (SES), with children from economically disadvantaged backgrounds having poorer performance than their higher SES peers. Using observational methods, we investigated cognitive stimulation in the home as a mechanism linking SES with EF. In a sample of 101 children aged 60-75 months, cognitive stimulation fully mediated SES-related differences in EF. Critically, cognitive stimulation was positively associated with the development of inhibition and cognitive flexibility across an 18-month follow-up period. Furthermore, EF at T1 explained SES-related differences in academic achievement at T2. Early cognitive stimulation-a modifiable factor-may be a desirable target for interventions designed to ameliorate SES-related differences in cognitive development and academic achievement.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.