ReviewNutrients2019
The Impact of Time of Day on Energy Expenditure: Implications for Long-Term Energy Balance.
Review in Nutrients, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- The swift study: dietary profiles of night shift workers characterised by overweight and obesity.European journal of nutrition · 2026Trial
- Chronobiology of meal timing in early-stage hypertension: a controlled feeding pilot study investigating the effects on renal and vascular function.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2026Trial
- Chrononutrition and Energy Balance: How Meal Timing and Circadian Rhythms Shape Weight Regulation and Metabolic Health.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Temporal patterns of energy intake and physical activity and cross-sectional associations with body weight status in children and adolescents: results from the Portuguese National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2015-2016.The British journal of nutrition · 2024Article
- Perioperative continuous body weight measurements with load cells under the bed legs in patients undergoing abdominal surgery.European journal of anaesthesiology and intensive care · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Time-related meal patterns and breakfast quality in a sample of Iranian adults.BMC nutrition · 2023Article
- Associations of timing of food intake with energy intake, eating behaviour traits and psychosocial factors in adults with overweight and obesity.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Cardiovascular Disease and Exercise: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Applications.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Article
- The Impact of Meal Timing on Risk of Weight Gain and Development of Obesity: a Review of the Current Evidence and Opportunities for Dietary Intervention.Current diabetes reports · 2022Review
- Energy Imbalance Gap, Anthropometric Measures, Lifestyle, and Sociodemographic Correlates in Latin American Adults-Results from the ELANS Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- A Time to Rest, a Time to Dine: Sleep, Time-Restricted Eating, and Cardiometabolic Health.Nutrients · 2022Review
- Sustained effect of habitual feeding time on daily rhythm of core body temperature in mice.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Principles of Endocrine Regulation: Reconciling Tensions Between Robustness in Performance and Adaptation to Change.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
- Energy Metabolism Changes and Dysregulated Lipid Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women.Nutrients · 2021Review
- Development and Validation of a Lifestyle Behavior Tool in Overweight and Obese Women through Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches.Nutrients · 2021Article
- Energy Balance and Control of Body Weight: Possible Effects of Meal Timing and Circadian Rhythm Dysregulation.Nutrients · 2021Review
- The Assessment of Daily Energy Expenditure of Commercial Saturation Divers Using Doubly Labelled Water.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There is evidence to indicate that the central biological clock (i.e., our endogenous circadian system) plays a role in physiological processes in the body that impact energy regulation and metabolism. Cross-sectional data suggest that energy consumption later in the day and during the night is associated with weight gain. These findings have led to speculation that when, as well as what, we eat may be important for maintaining energy balance. Emerging literature suggests that prioritising energy intake to earlier during the day may help with body weight maintenance. Evidence from tightly controlled acute experimental studies indicates a disparity in the body's ability to utilise (expend) energy equally across the day and night. Energy expenditure both at rest (resting metabolic rate) and after eating (thermic effect of food) is typically more efficient earlier during the day. In this review, we discuss the key evidence for a circadian pattern in energy utilisation and balance, which depends on meal timing. Whilst there is limited evidence that simply prioritising energy intake to earlier in the day is an effective strategy for weight loss, we highlight the potential benefits of considering the role of meal timing for improving metabolic health and energy balance. This review demonstrates that to advance our understanding of the contribution of the endogenous circadian system toward energy balance, targeted studies that utilise appropriate methodologies are required that focus on meal timing and frequency.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.