Evidence map›Paper›PMID 31589250›Full record

ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2019

Human milk fatty acid composition is associated with dietary, genetic, sociodemographic, and environmental factors in the CHILD Cohort Study.

Kozeta Miliku, Qing Ling Duan, Theo J Moraes, Allan B Becker, Piushkumar J Mandhane, Stuart E Turvey, Diana L Lefebvre, Malcolm R Sears, Padmaja Subbarao, Catherine J Field and 1 more

Open access · greenAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
77citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
9.3field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

77 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 139 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  16. A Framework for Evaluation of New Processing Technologies in Human Milk Banking.Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2025
    Review
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  20. Observational

17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.

Kozeta MilikuDepartment of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
Qing Ling DuanDepartment of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, School of Computing, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
Theo J MoraesDepartment of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Allan B BeckerDepartment of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
Piushkumar J MandhaneDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
Stuart E TurveyDepartment of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
Diana L LefebvreDepartment of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
Malcolm R SearsDepartment of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
Padmaja SubbaraoDepartment of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
Catherine J FieldDepartment of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
Meghan B AzadDepartment of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba · CAMcMaster University · CAUniversity of Alberta · CAUniversity of Toronto · CAQueen's University · CAUniversity of British Columbia · CA

Funding

CIHR
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundFatty acids are a vital component of human milk. They influence infant neurodevelopment and immune function, and they provide ∼50% of milk's energy content.

objectivesThe objectives of this study were to characterize the composition of human milk fatty acids in a large Canadian birth cohort and identify factors influencing their variability.

methodsIn a subset of the CHILD cohort (n = 1094), we analyzed milk fatty acids at 3-4 mo postpartum using GLC. Individual and total SFAs, MUFAs, and n-3 and n-6 PUFAs were analyzed using SD scores and principal component analysis (PCA). Maternal diet, sociodemographic, health, and environmental factors were self-reported. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms were assessed in the fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1-rs174556) and 2 (FADS2-rs174575) genes.

resultsFatty acid profiles were variable, with individual fatty acid proportions varying from 2- to >30-fold between women. Using PCA, we identified 4 milk fatty acid patterns: "MUFA and low SFA," "high n-6 PUFA," "high n-3 PUFA," and "high medium-chain fatty acids." In multivariable-adjusted analyses, fish oil supplementation and fatty cold water fish intake were positively associated with DHA and the "high n-3 PUFA" pattern. Mothers carrying the minor allele of FADS1-rs174556 had lower proportions of arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6). Independent of selected dietary variables and genetic variants, Asian ethnicity was associated with higher linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and total n-3 PUFAs. Ethnic differences in ARA were explained by FADS1 genotype. Maternal obesity was independently associated with higher total SFAs, the "high medium-chain fatty acid" pattern, and lower total MUFAs. Lactation stage, season, study site, and maternal education were also independently associated with some milk fatty acids. No associations were observed for maternal age, parity, delivery mode, or infant sex.

conclusionsThis study provides unique insights about the "normal" variation in the composition of human milk fatty acids and the contributing dietary, genetic, sociodemographic, health, and environmental factors. Further research is required to assess implications for infant health.

Indexed as

AdultAllelesCanadaCohort StudiesDelta-5 Fatty Acid DesaturaseDemographyDietEnvironmentFatty Acid DesaturasesFatty AcidsFemaleGenotypeHumansInfantLactationMaleDelta-5 Fatty Acid DesaturaseFADS1 protein, humanFatty Acid DesaturasesFatty Acids

Identifiers

PMID31589250
PMCPMC6885479
OpenAlexW2979798129

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.