ArticleAnatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)2020
Cetacean Orbital Muscles: Anatomy and Function of the Circular Layers.
Article in Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Morphological features of the orbicularis oculi muscle and facial nerve in four odontocete families, with comparisons within Cetartiodactyla.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2026Article
- Neuroanatomy of the Cetacean Sensory Systems.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Review
- Interspecies Retinal Diversity and Optic Nerve Anatomy in Odontocetes.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- The unique rectus extraocular muscles of cetaceans: Homologies and possible functions.Journal of anatomy · 2022Article
- Human orbital muscle in adult cadavers and near-term fetuses: its bony attachments and individual variation identified by immunohistochemistry.Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA · 2021Article
- The oblique extraocular muscles in cetaceans: Overall architecture and accessory insertions.Journal of anatomy · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Dissections of cetacean orbits identified two distinct circular muscle layers that are uniquely more elaborate than the orbitalis muscles described in numerous mammals. The circular orbital muscles in cetaceans form layers that lie both external and internal to the rectus extra ocular muscles (EOMs). A cone-shaped external circular muscle (ECM) that invests the external surface of the rectus EOMs was found in all cetacean specimens examined. The cetacean ECM corresponds generally to descriptions of the musculus orbitalis in various mammals but is more strongly developed and has more layers than in noncetaceans. A newly identified internal circular muscle (ICM) is located internal to the rectus EOMs and external to the retractor bulbi (RB). The RB is massive in cetaceans and is encased in a connective tissue layer containing convoluted bundles of blood vessels. The most robust ECM and ICM layers were in sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) where they form complete rings. Surprisingly, histological analysis showed the sperm whale ECM to contain both smooth and striated (skeletal) muscle layers while the ICM appeared to contain solely skeletal muscle fibers. The extreme development of the ECM (orbitalis) and RB suggest a co-evolved system mediating high degrees of protrusion and retraction in cetaceans. We know of no homolog of the ICM but its function seems likely related to the complex vascular structures surrounding and deep to the retractor muscle. Skeletal muscle components in orbital circular muscles appear to be highly derived specializations unknown outside of cetaceans. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy Anat Rec, 303:1792-1811, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.