ArticleAnnals of general psychiatry2019
All-cause mortality in patients with treatment-resistant depression: a cohort study in the US population.
Article in Annals of general psychiatry, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trajectory of response to esketamine nasal spray for treatment resistant depression: Findings from ESCAPE-TRD.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2026Trial
- A sequential dual-site repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for major depressive disorder: A randomized clinical trial.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Trial
- Clinical and cost-effectiveness of lithium versus quetiapine augmentation for treatment-resistant depression in adults: LQD a pragmatic randomised controlled trial.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2025Trial
- Vitamin D supplementation improves anxiety but not depression symptoms in patients with vitamin D deficiency.Brain and behavior · 2020Trial
- Article
- An Effective and Interpretable EEG-Based Depression Recognition Method Using Hybrid Feature Selection.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Lithium Augmentation in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Qualitative Review of the Literature.Pharmacotherapy · 2025Review
- All-cause and cause-specific mortality in people with depression: a large-scale systematic review and meta-analysis of relative risk and aggravating or attenuating factors, including antidepressant treatment.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2025Article
- Psilocybin-assisted therapy for treatment-resistant depression in the US: a model-based cost-effectiveness analysis.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Trajectories of pharmacological therapies for treatment-resistant depression: a longitudinal study.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Genetic Correlates of Treatment-Resistant Depression.JAMA psychiatry · 2025Article
- Longitudinal associations between psychological factors, community integration, and suicide risks among patients with treatment-resistant depression in Vietnam.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Clinical and Treatment Characteristics of 3795 Adults Consecutively Hospitalized for Major Depressive Disorder in the OASIS-D Study.Depression and anxiety · 2025Article
- Electroconvulsive therapy reduces suicidality and all-cause mortality in refractory depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of neurostimulation studies.Neuroscience applied · 2025Review
- Article
- The Algorithmic Agent Perspective and Computational Neuropsychiatry: From Etiology to Advanced Therapy in Major Depressive Disorder.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- A Canadian Simulation Model for Major Depressive Disorder: Study Protocol.PharmacoEconomics - open · 2024Review
- Article
- Risk factors for suicidal attempts in a sample of outpatients with treatment-resistant depression: an observational study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Facts and myths about use of esketamine for treatment-resistant depression: a narrative clinical review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTreatment-resistant depression (TRD) may represent a substantial proportion of major depressive disorder (MDD); however, the risk of mortality in TRD is still incompletely assessed.
methodsData were obtained from Optum Clinformatics™ Extended, a US claims database. Date of the first antidepressant (AD) dispensing was designated as the index date for study entry and 6 months prior to that was considered the baseline period. Patients with MDD aged ≥ 18 years, index date between January 1, 2008 and September 30, 2015, no AD claims during baseline, and continuous enrollment in the database during baseline were included. Patients who started a third AD regimen after two regimens of appropriate duration were included in the TRD cohort. All-cause mortality was compared between patients with TRD and non-TRD MDD using a proportional hazards model and Kaplan-Meier estimate with TRD status being treated as a time-varying covariate. The model was adjusted for study year, age, gender, depression diagnosis, substance use disorder, psychiatric comorbidities, and Charlson comorbidity index.
resultsOut of 355,942 patients with MDD, 34,176 (9.6%) met the criterion for TRD. TRD was associated with a significantly higher mortality compared with non-TRD MDD (adjusted HR: 1.29; 95% CI 1.22-1.38;
conclusionsPatients with TRD had a higher all-cause mortality compared with non-TRD MDD patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.