ArticleThe American journal of psychiatry2020
Maternal Bacterial Infection During Pregnancy and Offspring Risk of Psychotic Disorders: Variation by Severity of Infection and Offspring Sex.
Article in The American journal of psychiatry, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 36 papers.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- Simvastatin Augmentation for Patients With Early-Phase Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders: A Double-Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2021Trial
- The Molecular Machinery of Synaptic Plasticity and Its Potential Role in the Aetiology of Schizophrenia.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Association between maternal infections during pregnancy and offspring suicide risk: A national cohort study.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Markers of neuroinflammation in the CSF of patients with difficult to treat psychiatric disease.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Transdiagnostic prevention in youth mental health, Part I: rationale, shared risk factors.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Epiphenomena in psychosis: how perinatal stressful events shape long-term outcomes.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Review
- The role of maternal infections in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders: focus on the P2X7/NLRP3/IL-1β signalling pathway.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Review
- TSPO activation ameliorates maternal immune activation induced PV interneuron deficits via BDNF/TrkB signaling.Psychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Prenatal and early childhood infections requiring hospitalization and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring: a population-based birth cohort study in Taiwan.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Early-life exposure to PCBs and PFAS exerts negative effects on the developing central nervous system.Journal of hazardous materials · 2025Review
- Gut-X axis.iMeta · 2025Review
- Immune Alterations in the Intrauterine Environment Shape Offspring Brain Development in a Sex-Specific Manner.Biological psychiatry · 2025Review
- Painting psychosis: an empirical investigation of the self-portraits of Edvard Munch.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Perinatal Hypoxia and Immune System Activation in Schizophrenia Pathogenesis: Critical Considerations During COVID-19 Pandemic.Physiological research · 2024Review
- Maternal Helminth Infection Causes Dysfunctional B Cell Development in Male Offspring.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2024Article
- Pregnancy complications and childhood mental health: is the association modified by sex or adverse social circumstances? Findings from the 'growing up in Ireland' national infant cohort study.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2024Article
- Sex-Specific Behavioral and Molecular Responses to Maternal Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Immune Activation in a Murine Model: Implications for Neurodevelopmental Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Impact of sex, race, and social determinants of health on neonatal outcomes.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Review
- Gene expression in the intestine of newborn piglets after hypoxia-reoxygenation.Pediatric research · 2023Article
- Extracellular free water elevations are associated with brain volume and maternal cytokine response in a longitudinal nonhuman primate maternal immune activation model.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivePrevious studies suggest that prenatal immune challenges may elevate the risk of schizophrenia and related psychoses in offspring, yet there has been limited research focused on maternal bacterial infection. The authors hypothesized that maternal bacterial infection during pregnancy increases offspring risk of psychotic disorders in adulthood, and that the magnitude of this association varies as a function of severity of infectious exposure and offspring sex.
methodsThe authors analyzed prospectively collected data from 15,421 pregnancies among women enrolled between 1959 and 1966 at two study sites through the Collaborative Perinatal Project. The sample included 116 offspring with confirmed psychotic disorders. The authors estimated associations between maternal bacterial infection during pregnancy and psychosis risk over the subsequent 40 years, stratified by offspring sex and presence of reported parental mental illness, with adjustment for covariates.
resultsMaternal bacterial infection during pregnancy was strongly associated with psychosis in offspring (adjusted odds ratio=1.8, 95% CI=1.2-2.7) and varied by severity of infection and offspring sex. The effect of multisystemic bacterial infection (adjusted odds ratio=2.9, 95% CI=1.3-5.9) was nearly twice that of less severe localized bacterial infection (adjusted odds ratio=1.6, 95% CI=1.1-2.3). Males were significantly more likely than females to develop psychosis after maternal exposure to any bacterial infection during pregnancy.
conclusionsThe study findings suggest that maternal bacterial infection during pregnancy is associated with an elevated risk for psychotic disorders in offspring and that the association varies by infection severity and offspring sex. These findings call for additional investigation and, if the findings are replicated, public health and clinical efforts that focus on preventing and managing bacterial infection in pregnant women.
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