ReviewThe lancet. HIV2019
Conditional economic incentives to improve HIV prevention and treatment in low-income and middle-income countries.
Review in The lancet. HIV, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effectiveness of Behavioural Economics Informed Interventions for the Prevention, Screening, and Antiretroviral Treatment of HIV Infection: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.AIDS and behavior · 2023Pooled it
- The Utilisation of Payment Models Across the HIV Continuum of Care: Systematic Review of Evidence.AIDS and behavior · 2021Pooled it
- Cash transfers for HIV prevention: A systematic review.PLoS medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Overcoming the HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Uptake Barrier With A Health Action Process Approach and Conditional Economic Incentives Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in 3 Chinese Cities: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2026Trial
- Effects of a Lottery Incentive on STI/HIV Incidence Among Female Sex Workers in Tanzania: Outcomes of Rewarding STI Prevention and Control in Tanzania (RESPECT-2).AIDS and behavior · 2025Trial
- Impact of Financial Incentives on Intimate Partner Violence for Women Living with HIV Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy.AIDS and behavior · 2025Trial
- The effect of a social network-based intervention to promote HIV testing and linkage to HIV services among fishermen in Kenya: a cluster-randomised trial.The Lancet. Global health · 2025Trial
- Experiences and perceptions of conditional cash incentive provision and cessation among people with HIV for care engagement: a qualitative study.BMC public health · 2025Trial
- Incentivizing adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: a randomized pilot trial among male sex workers in Mexico.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2025Trial
- Impact of financial incentives on viral suppression among adults initiating HIV treatment in Tanzania: a hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial.The lancet. HIV · 2024Trial
- Impact of family networks on uptake of health interventions: evidence from a community-randomized control trial aimed at increasing HIV testing in South Africa.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2023Trial
- Risks of Intimate Partner Violence for Women Living with HIV Receiving Cash Transfers: A Qualitative Study in Shinyanga, Tanzania.AIDS and behavior · 2023Trial
- Financial incentives to improve re-engagement in HIV care: results from a randomized pilot study.AIDS care · 2023Trial
- Monetary incentives and peer referral in promoting secondary distribution of HIV self-testing among men who have sex with men in China: A randomized controlled trial.PLoS medicine · 2022Trial
- Durability of effects from short-term economic incentives for clinic attendance among HIV positive adults in Tanzania: long-term follow-up of a randomised controlled trial.BMJ global health · 2021Trial
- Planning prompts to promote uptake of HIV services among men: a randomised trial in rural Uganda.BMJ global health · 2020Trial
- Incentives conditioned on tenofovir levels to support PrEP adherence among young South African women: a randomized trial.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2020Trial
- Financial incentives to promote retention in care and viral suppression in adults with HIV initiating antiretroviral therapy in Tanzania: a three-arm randomised controlled trial.The lancet. HIV · 2020Trial
- Cabotegravir plus Rilpivirine for Persons with HIV and Adherence Challenges.The New England journal of medicine · 2026Article
- Incentive-based interventions to improve HIV prevention and care continuum: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
New and innovative approaches are needed to improve the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of HIV in low-income and middle-income countries. Several trials use conditional economic incentives (CEIs) to improve HIV outcomes. Most CEI interventions use a traditional economic theory approach, although some interventions incorporate behavioural economics, which combines traditional economics with insights from psychology. Incentive interventions that are appropriately implemented can increase HIV testing rates and voluntary male circumcision, and they can improve other HIV prevention and treatment outcomes in certain settings in the short term. More research is needed to uncover theory-based mechanisms that increase the duration of incentive effects and provide strategies for susceptible individuals, which will help to address common constraints and biases that can influence health-related decisions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.