Humans falling in holes: adaptations in lower-limb joint mechanics in response to a rapid change in substrate height during human hopping.

In getting from here to there, we continuously negotiate complex environments and unpredictable terrain. Our ability to stay upright in the face of obstacles, such as holes in the ground, is quite remarkable. However, we understand relatively little about how humans adjust limb mechanical behaviour to recover from unexpected perturbations. In this study, we determined how the joints of the lower-limb respond to recover from a rapid, unexpected drop in substrate height during human hopping. We recorded lower-limb kinematics and kinetics while subjects performed steady-state hopping at their preferred frequency on an elevated platform (5, 10 and 20 cm). At an unknown time, we elicited an unexpected perturbation (i.e. a hole in the ground) via the rapid removal of the platform. Based on previous research in bipedal birds, we hypothesized (i) that distal joints would play an increased role in fall recovery when compared to steady-state hopping, and (ii) that patterns of joint power redistribution would be more pronounced with increases in perturbation height. Our results suggest that humans successfully recover from falling in a hole by increasing the energy absorbed predominantly in distal lower-limb joints (i.e. the ankle) across perturbation heights ranging from 5 to 10 cm. However, with increased perturbation height (20 cm) humans increase their reliance on the more proximal lower-limb joints (i.e. the knee and the hip) to absorb mechanical energy and stabilize fall recovery. Further investigations into the muscle-tendon mechanics underlying these joint-level responses will likely provide additional insights into the neuromotor control strategies used to regain the stability following unexpected perturbations and provide biological inspiration for the future design of wearable devices capable of performing within unpredictable environments.