ArticleAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI2019
The 3Rs and Humane Experimental Technique: Implementing Change.
Article in Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 316 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
316 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Complement response to burn injury: systematic review and meta-analysis of patient and animal studies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Incubation periods and mortality outcomes following rabies virus infection in mesocarnivorous reservoir hosts: implications for experimental design and veterinary policy - a review and meta-analysis.Virology journal · 2025Pooled it
- WERF Endometriosis Phenome and Biobanking Harmonisation Project for Experimental Models in Endometriosis Research (EPHect-EM-Homologous): homologous rodent models.Molecular human reproduction · 2025Pooled it
- Advancing intradermal vaccine delivery: Focus on hollow microneedles and skin models.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Establishment of an in vitro human blood-brain barrier model for antiviral screening against neurotropic viruses.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Article
- Multilaboratory, Blinded, Randomized Trial of Five Cerebroprotectants in Ischemic Stroke.Circulation research · 2026Article
- Commentary on "Reference Standard Calibration Challenges in the Case of Erythropoietin: Impact on Potency and Biosimilarity Determination".The AAPS journal · 2026Article
- Acute Thermal Elevation Alters Cellular Metabolic Activity, Redox Balance, and Iron Homeostasis in Butterfly Lizards (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- The Current Status of the 3Rs Principles in Animal Use in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Overview and Future Perspectives.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- Quantitative assessment of the repeatability of PermaGel as a ballistic tissue simulant.International journal of legal medicine · 2026Article
- Modulating Secondary Inflammation After Spinal Cord Injury Affects Pathological Bladder Remodeling.International neurourology journal · 2026Article
- Enhanced antitumor efficacy of sulfasalazine and mesalazine in colorectal cancer through modulatory action of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Phytochemical Characterization ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Drosophila: An Emerging New Approach Method (NAM) for Studying Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS).Cells · 2026Review
- Targeting the NO-cGMP axis in age-related vascular dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical animal studies.GeroScience · 2026Review
- Are similar nanoforms comparable in biodistribution? Data-driven approaches for optimizing nanomedicine design.Materials today. Nano · 2026Article
- Longitudinally cultured precision cut lung slices as a predictiveNanomedicine (London, England) · 2026Article
- Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Translation and Model-Informed Drug Development for Oligonucleotide Therapeutics.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Review
- Murine Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Intraluminal Thrombus Composition and Structure.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- A microphysiological system for screening lipid nanoparticle-mRNA complexes predicts in vivo heart transfection efficacy.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
256 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In 1959, the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) Scholars Russell & Burch published the Principles of Humane Experimental Technique in which they laid out the principles of the Three Rs. However, the Three Rs owed much to others. It was UFAW and, in particular, UFAW's Founder and Director, Major Charles Hume who identified the problem that needed to be tackled, and who developed the non-confrontational approach that was needed to both formulate the questions that needed answers and to obtain the answers from the research community. Russell & Burch's work was also guided by an expert scientific and technical committee chaired by the Nobel Prize winner Sir Peter Medawar. This essay describes the history of the Three Rs using publications by the protagonists and others as well as material from UFAW's archives. It describes the background to the employment of Russell & Burch, the methodology of Russell & Burch's approach and the impact of their work up to the present day-where the Three Rs are incorporated in legislation throughout the world.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.