ArticleClinical epidemiology2019
Size at birth, infant growth, and age at pubertal development in boys and girls.
Article in Clinical epidemiology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association between birth weight/rapid weight gain and early menarche: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on cohort studies.BMC pediatrics · 2025Pooled it
- Reproductive outcomes after antenatal corticosteroids: Secondary analysis of 50-year follow-up of the Auckland steroid randomized trial.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2024Trial
- Association of Infant Physical Development and Rapid Growth With Pubertal Onset Among Girls in Rural China.JAMA network open · 2021Trial
- Effectiveness of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Therapy in Small-for-Gestational-Age Children With Short Stature: A Stratified Analysis Based on Genetic Variant Status.Clinical endocrinology · 2026Article
- Distinct body mass index trajectories throughout childhood in girls with early puberty.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Early Initiation of rhGH Therapy Significantly Improves Height Gain and Reduces the Gap to Target Height in Children Born Small for Gestational Age: A Multicenter Retrospective Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Associations between breastfeeding, childhood BMI and pubertal onset: findings from a prospective cohort study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- Plasma amino acids in early pregnancy and fetal growth trajectories across pregnancy: findings from a multi-racial U.S. pregnancy cohort.European journal of nutrition · 2026Observational
- Early Postnatal Growth and Pubertal Timing: An Ultrasound-Based Study of Breast and Testicular Development.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2026Article
- Onset of puberty in boys with short stature is earlier in those born small-for-gestational age and later in those born appropriate-for-gestational age than in the general healthy population.Clinical pediatric endocrinology : case reports and clinical investigations : official journal of the Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology · 2025Article
- Associations of fetal and infant growth with pubertal timing.Archives of disease in childhood · 2025Article
- Maternal time interval between menarche and childbirth is associated with daughter's age at menarche.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2025Article
- Addressing Stunting in Children Under Five: Insights and Opportunities from Nepal, Bangladesh, and Vietnam-A Review of Literature.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Association Between Women's Birth Weight and Reproductive Characteristics in Adulthood: The JPHC-NEXT Study.Journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- The role of adipose tissue in puberty and reproductive health.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Impact of Small-Quantity Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements on Pubertal Status of 9-13-Year Olds: A Follow-Up Study of the iLiNS-DYAD-Ghana Trial.Current developments in nutrition · 2024Article
- Associations between birthweight and preterm birth and the ages at menarche and menopause.BMC women's health · 2024Article
- Earlier Menarche in Greek Girls Born by Caesarean Section: A Case-Control Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Reproductive risk factors across the female lifecourse and later metabolic health.Cell metabolism · 2024Review
- Lead contamination in human milk affects infants' language trajectory: results from a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThis study investigated whether size at birth and infant growth were associated with age of indicators of pubertal development in boys and girls. We hypothesized that restricted fetal growth and accelerated infant growth lead to earlier pubertal age. PATIENTS AND
methodsIn total, 15,822 boys and girls answered questionnaires half-yearly with information on pubertal development: age at menarche, first ejaculation, voice break, Tanner stages, axillary hair, and acne. Birth weight and gestational age were used to calculate birth weight Z-scores. Changes in infant weight Z-score from 0 to 5, 5 to 12, and 0 to 12 months were estimated. We estimated the mean monthly difference in timing of puberty between children born small-for-gestational age (SGA) and large-for-gestational age (LGA) with children born appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) as reference. We further investigated whether increasing infant weight Z-scores were associated with age at attaining indicators of pubertal development.
resultsGirls born SGA reached all pubertal markers at an earlier mean age than girls born AGA, as indicated by mean age differences below zero (eg, age at menarche: -2.3 months, 95% CI: -3.4, -1.2), except for breast development. Girls born LGA reached pubertal markers later than girls born AGA (eg, age at menarche: 1.7 months, 95% CI 0.5, 2.9). Boys born SGA and LGA achieved puberty earlier than boys born AGA, though with CIs crossing zero (eg, age at voice break for SGA: -0.7 months, 95% CI -2.1, 0.7 and for LGA: -0.7 months, 95% CI -2.1, 0.8). A 1-unit increase in weight Z-score from 0 to 12 months was associated with a mean age difference of -1.7 to -0.3 months for pubertal development in both sexes.
conclusionSmall size at birth and rapid infant growth were associated with early pubertal age, most consistent and pronounced in girls.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.