ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2019
Patterns of non-prescribed buprenorphine and other opioid use among individuals with opioid use disorder: A latent class analysis.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Opioid withdrawal symptoms, frequency, and pain characteristics as correlates of health risk among people who inject drugs.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Trial
- Concurrent Use of Extra-Medical Medication for Opioid Use Disorder Among Adults Prescribed Methadone or Buprenorphine: A Cohort Study of Urban Adults Who Have Injected Drugs.Drug and alcohol review · 2026Article
- Longitudinal polysubstance use patterns and non-fatal overdose: A repeated measures latent class analysis.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- Pain Neuroscience Education on Reducing Opioid Dependency in African American and Caucasian Populations: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Attitudes and experiences with fentanyl contamination of methamphetamine: exploring self-reports and urine toxicology among persons who use methamphetamine and other drugs.Harm reduction journal · 2023Article
- Trajectories of non-prescribed buprenorphine and other opioid use: A multi-trajectory latent class growth analysis.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2023Article
- Patterns of opioid use behaviors among patients seen in the emergency department: Latent class analysis of baseline data from the POINT pragmatic trial.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2023Article
- Scope of, Motivations for, and Outcomes Associated with Buprenorphine Diversion in the United States: A Scoping Review.Substance use & misuse · 2023Article
- Alternative use of buprenorphine among people who use opioids in three U.S. Cities.Substance abuse · 2022Article
- Problematic Opioid Use: A Scoping Literature Review of Profiles.Substance abuse : research and treatment · 2022Article
- Trends in and Characteristics of Buprenorphine Misuse Among Adults in the US.JAMA network open · 2021Article
- Prevalence and correlates of non-fatal overdose among people who use drugs: findings from rapid assessments in Massachusetts, 2017-2019.Harm reduction journal · 2021Article
- Opioid use disorder treatment for people experiencing homelessness: A scoping review.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021Article
- Evaluation of a Dual Fentanyl/Heroin Vaccine on the Antinociceptive and Reinforcing Effects of a Fentanyl/Heroin Mixture in Male and Female Rats.ACS chemical neuroscience · 2020Article
- Unintentional drug overdose: Is more frequent use of non-prescribed buprenorphine associated with lower risk of overdose?The International journal on drug policy · 2020Article
- Preclinical Evaluation of Vaccines to Treat Opioid Use Disorders: How Close are We to a Clinically Viable Therapeutic?CNS drugs · 2020Review
- On my own terms: Motivations for self-treating opioid-use disorder with non-prescribed buprenorphine.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Article
- Methamphetamine Use and Its Correlates among Individuals with Opioid Use Disorder in a Midwestern U.S. City.Substance use & misuse · 2020Article
- "Everything is not right anymore": Buprenorphine experiences in an era of illicit fentanyl.The International journal on drug policy · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
aimNon-prescribed buprenorphine (NPB) use increased in the US. This study aims to characterize heterogeneity in patterns of NPB and other opioid use among individuals with current opioid use disorder.
methodsThe study recruited 356 participants in Dayton (Montgomery County), Ohio, area in 2017-2018 using targeted and Respondent Driven Sampling. Participants met the following criteria: 1) 18 years or older, 2) current moderate/severe opioid use disorder (DSM-5), 3) past 6-month NPB use. Latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted to identify subgroups based on past 6-month (days of NPB and heroin/fentanyl use; use of NPB to get high; use of non-prescribed and prescribed pharmaceutical opioids; participation in formal treatment) and lifetime (years since first NPB and other illicit opioid use) characteristics. Selected auxiliary variables were compared across classes using Asparouhov and Muthén's 3-step approach.
results49.7% were female, and 88.8% were non-Hispanic whites. 89% used NPB to self-treat withdrawal. LCA resulted in three classes: "Heavy Heroin/Fentanyl Use" (61%), "More Formal Treatment Use" (29%) and "Intense NPB Use" (10%). After adjusting for multiple testing, the following past 6-month variables differed significantly between classes: injection as a primary route of heroin/fentanyl administration (p < 0.001), cocaine use (p = 0.044), unintentional drug overdose (p = 0.023), and homelessness (p = 0.044), with the "Intense NPB Use" class having the lowest prevalences.
conclusionPredominance of self-treatment goals and the association between more intense NPB use and lower risks of adverse consequences suggest potential harm minimization benefits of NPB use. More research is needed to understand consequences of NPB use over time.
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Registered trials
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