Trial reportHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2020
Effect of cash incentives on tetanus toxoid vaccination among rural Nigerian women: a randomized controlled trial.
Trial report in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Two decades of global research on tetanus vaccines and tetanus immunoglobulins: a comprehensive bibliometric analysis and integrative review (2000-2025).Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Pooled it
- Facilitators and barriers to maternal immunization and strategies to improve uptake in low-income and lower-middle income countries: A systematic review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Pooled it
- Behavioral interventions for vaccination uptake: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Health policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2023Pooled it
- Vaccine Incentives Harm Intrinsic Motivation: Evidence From a Priming Experiment.Health economics · 2026Article
- Incentives in immunisation campaigns in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review mapping evidence on effectiveness and unintended consequences.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions to increase the uptake of vaccines recommended during pregnancy.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- How did the introduction of the measles-containing vaccine second dose (MCV2) affect measles vaccine uptake? - evidence from Nigeria.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Assessment of tetanus Immunization among healthcare workers in Mogadishu, Somalia.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Article
- The backfiring effects of monetary and gift incentives on Covid-19 vaccination intentions.China economic review · 2023Article
- Influence of Conditional Cash Transfers on the Uptake of Maternal and Child Health Services in Nigeria: Insights From a Mixed-Methods Study.Frontiers in public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tetanus toxoid vaccination is freely available for most women in developing countries, yet maternal and neonatal tetanus are still prevalent in 13 countries, 9 of which are in sub-Saharan Africa. We evaluated whether providing cash incentives increases the uptake of tetanus toxoid vaccination among women of childbearing age in rural northern Nigeria. We randomized amounts of cash incentives to women in three groups: 5 Nigerian naira (C5), 300 naira (C300), and 800 naira (C800) (150 naira = 1 U.S. dollar). Overall, of 2,482 women from 80 villages, 1,803 (72.6%) women successfully received the vaccination (419 of 765 [54.8%] women in C5, 643 of 850 [75.7%] women in C300, and 741 of 867 [85.5%] women in C800). Women in C300 and C800 were significantly more likely to receive the vaccine than women in C5. We further found that transportation costs are one of the significant barriers that prevent women from receiving vaccination at clinics, and that cash incentives compensate for transportation costs unless such costs are large.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.