ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2020
Invited Commentary: Counterfactuals in Social Epidemiology-Thinking Outside of "the Box".
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mediation effects that emulate a target randomised trial: Simulation-based evaluation of ill-defined interventions on multiple mediators.Statistical methods in medical research · 2021Trial
- Article
- Covariate adjustment in LGBTQ+ health disparities research: aligning methods with assumptions.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Racism Counterfactuals in Health Research.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- The Target Study: A Conceptual Model and Framework for Measuring Disparity.Sociological methods & research · 2025Article
- Theorizing epidemiology, the stories bodies tell, and embodied truths: a status update on contending 21International journal of social determinants of health and health services · 2024Review
- Mediation analysis using incomplete information from publicly available data sources.Statistics in medicine · 2024Article
- Differences in metabolomic profiles between Black and White women in the U.S.: Analyses from two prospective cohorts.European journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Estimated number of deaths directly avoided because of COVID-19 vaccination among older adults in Colombia in 2021: an ecological, longitudinal observational study.F1000Research · 2022Observational
- Complex systems models for causal inference in social epidemiology.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2021Article
- Galea and Hernán Respond to "Brings to the Table," "Differential Measurement Error," and "Causal Inference in Social Epidemiology".American journal of epidemiology · 2020Article
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Abstract
There are tensions inherent between many of the social exposures examined within social epidemiology and the assumptions embedded in quantitative potential-outcomes-based causal inference framework. The potential-outcomes framework characteristically requires a well-defined hypothetical intervention. As noted by Galea and Hernán (Am J Epidemiol. 2020;189(3):167-170), for many social exposures, such well-defined hypothetical exposures do not exist or there is no consensus on what they might be. Nevertheless, the quantitative potential-outcomes framework can still be useful for the study of some of these social exposures by creative adaptations that 1) redefine the exposure, 2) separate the exposure from the hypothetical intervention, or 3) allow for a distribution of hypothetical interventions. These various approaches and adaptations are reviewed and discussed. However, even these approaches have their limits. For certain important historical and social determinants of health such as social movements or wars, the quantitative potential-outcomes framework with well-defined hypothetical interventions is the wrong tool. Other modes of inquiry are needed.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.