ArticleToxicology letters2019
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC) filaments three-dimensional (3-D) printer emissions-induced cell toxicity.
Article in Toxicology letters, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- 3D Printing Filament Composition, Emissions, and Induced Proinflammatory Responses.Chemical research in toxicology · 2026Article
- Assessment of the carcinogenic potential of particulate matter and organic compound mixtures generated from 3D printing devices in Balb/c 3T3-1-1 cells.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- An Experimental Study of Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emissions from a Resin 3D Printer to Assess Exposure and Exposure Mitigation.Journal of chemical health & safety · 2026Article
- Neuroendocrine effects of inhaling emissions generated by 3-dimensional (3D)-printing with polycarbonate stock.Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A · 2026Article
- Reducing particulate emissions from 3D printers using low-cost enclosures and engineering controls.Rapid prototyping journal · 2025Article
- 3D printing: Balancing innovation for sustainability with emerging environmental and health risks.iScience · 2025Review
- The Toxicity of Poly(acrylonitrile-styrene-butadiene) Microplastics towardChemical research in toxicology · 2025Article
- Assessment of the carcinogenic potential of particulate matter generated from 3D printing devices in Balb/c 3T3-1-1 cells.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Investigating Additive Manufacturing Possibilities for an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle with Polymeric Materials.Polymers · 2024Article
- Exposure to emissions generated by 3-dimensional printing with polycarbonate: effects on peripheral vascular function, cardiac vascular morphology and expression of markers of oxidative stress in male rat cardiac tissue.Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A · 2024Article
- Pulmonary evaluation of whole-body inhalation exposure of polycarbonate (PC) filament 3D printer emissions in rats.Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A · 2024Article
- Using particle dimensionality-based modeling to estimate lung carcinogenicity of 3D printer emissions.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2024Article
- Review
- An Insight into the Characteristics of 3D Printed Polymer Materials for Orthoses Applications: Experimental Study.Polymers · 2024Article
- Article
- 3D printer emissions elicit filament-specific and dose-dependent metabolic and genotoxic effects in human airway epithelial cells.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Inhalation of polycarbonate emissions generated during 3D printing processes affects neuroendocrine function in male rats.Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A · 2023Article
- Metal compositions of particle emissions from material extrusion 3D printing: Emission sources and indoor exposure modeling.The Science of the total environment · 2023Article
- "Assessing exposure of printing factory workers in thailand to selected heavy metals using urine and hair as non-invasive matrices".BMC public health · 2023Article
- An explorative study on respiratory health among operators working in polymer additive manufacturing.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
During extrusion of some polymers, fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3-D printers emit billions of particles per minute and numerous organic compounds. The scope of this study was to evaluate FFF 3-D printer emission-induced toxicity in human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC). Emissions were generated from a commercially available 3-D printer inside a chamber, while operating for 1.5 h with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or polycarbonate (PC) filaments, and collected in cell culture medium. Characterization of the culture medium revealed that repeat print runs with an identical filament yield various amounts of particles and organic compounds. Mean particle sizes in cell culture medium were 201 ± 18 nm and 202 ± 8 nm for PC and ABS, respectively. At 24 h post-exposure, both PC and ABS emissions induced a dose dependent significant cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, necrosis, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in SAEC. Though the emissions may not completely represent all possible exposure scenarios, this study indicate that the FFF could induce toxicological effects. Further studies are needed to quantify the detected chemicals in the emissions and their corresponding toxicological effects.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.