ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2020
Association Between the Respiratory Microbiome and Susceptibility to Influenza Virus Infection.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 68 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
68 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 106 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparison of Respiratory Microbiomes in Influenza Versus Other Respiratory Infections: Systematic Review and Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- The characteristics of the gut microbiota in patients with Kawasaki disease: a systematic review.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- Association between gut microbiota and influenza: a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Pooled it
- Interactions between live attenuated influenza vaccine and nasopharyngeal microbiota among children aged 24-59 months in The Gambia: a phase 4, open-label, randomised controlled trial.The Lancet. Microbe · 2025Trial
- Characterization of the Human Oropharyngeal Microbiomes in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Recovery Patients.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2021Trial
- Lung microbiota dysbiosis exacerbates influenza virus infection.Microbiome · 2026Article
- Nasal microbiome and phageome profiles are associated with prospective respiratory viral infection risk in school-age children.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2026Article
- Early Environments, Lasting Effects: Air Pollution, Microbes, and Respiratory Infection Risk in Children.Pediatric pulmonology · 2026Review
- Characterization of Nasopharyngeal Microbiota Dysbiosis in Children withMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Lung Microbiome Diversity, Infection Dynamics, and Microbe-Mediated Cross-Protection.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Review
- Metatranscriptomics uncovers host immune and microbiome signatures specific to and shared between human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infections in children.Virologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Oropharyngeal Microbiota Associated with Sore Throat in Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections.Current microbiology · 2026Article
- Silent Intruders: The Gut Virome in Brain Aging and Cognitive Decline.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Non-pharmaceutical interventions restructured the upper respiratory bacterial microbiota in children under 2 during COVID-19: implications for infection control strategies.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Current insights into bacterial secondary infection following influenza A virus infection.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Lower airway microbiota compositions and diversity among ventilator-associated pneumonia patients across COVID-19 epidemic phases: a retrospective study.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Article
- Transmission of the human respiratory microbiome and antibiotic resistance genes in healthy populations.Microbiome · 2025Article
- Analyses of Saliva Metabolome Reveal Patterns of Metabolites That Differentiate SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Disease Severity.Metabolites · 2025Article
- The difference of oropharyngeal microbiome during acute respiratory viral infections in infants and children.Communications biology · 2025Article
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPrevious studies suggest that the nose/throat microbiome may play an important role in shaping host immunity and modifying the risk of respiratory infection. Our aim is to quantify the association between the nose/throat microbiome and susceptibility to influenza virus infection.
methodsIn this household transmission study, index cases with confirmed influenza virus infection and their household contacts were followed for 9-12 days to identify secondary influenza infections. Respiratory swabs were collected at enrollment to identify and quantify bacterial species via high-performance sequencing. Data were analyzed by an individual hazard-based transmission model that was adjusted for age, vaccination, and household size.
resultsWe recruited 115 index cases with influenza A(H3N2) or B infection and 436 household contacts. We estimated that a 10-fold increase in the abundance in Streptococcus spp. and Prevotella salivae was associated with 48% (95% credible interval [CrI], 9-69%) and 25% (95% CrI, 0.5-42%) lower susceptibility to influenza A(H3N2) infection, respectively. In contrast, for influenza B infection, a 10-fold increase in the abundance in Streptococcus vestibularis and Prevotella spp. was associated with 63% (95% CrI, 17-83%) lower and 83% (95% CrI, 15-210%) higher susceptibility, respectively.
conclusionsSusceptibility to influenza infection is associated with the nose/throat microbiome at the time of exposure. The effects of oligotypes on susceptibility differ between influenza A(H3N2) and B viruses. Our results suggest that microbiome may be a useful predictor of susceptibility, with the implication that microbiome could be modulated to reduce influenza infection risk, should these associations be causal.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.